3 761 
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Number 5 



TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 16 

OF 

NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY 

AT 

SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY 

F. F. MOON, Dean 



Papers from the Department 
of Forest Entomology . 




Published Quarterly by the University 
Syracuse, New York 



Entered at the Postoffk 



|a £fd. Class 



Volume XXII 



December, 1922 



Number 5 



TECHNICAL PUBLICATION NO. 16 

OF 

/ 



NEW YORK, STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY 



SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY 

F. F. MOON, Dean 



Papers from the Department 
of Forest Entomology 




Published Quarterly by the University 
Syracuse, New York 



Entered at the Postoffice at Syracuse as second-class mail matter 



^b^" 

m* 



LBK/HKYOFCONGKfcSS 

DECEIVED 

SEP J 192? 



TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PAGE 

1. An Ecological Study of the Heniipteta of the Cranberry Lake Region, 

New York. Herbert Osborii and Carl J. Drake;. . . . t 5 

2. Life History Notes on Cranberry Lake Homoptera. Herbert Osborn . . 87 

3. Contribution Toward the Life History of Galeatus peckhami Ashmead. 

Carl J. Drake 105 

4. The Life History of the Birch Tingid, Corythuca pallipes Parshley. 

Carl J. Drake Ill 

5. New Species of Ipidae from Maine. M. W. Blackman 117 

6. Two New Bark-beetles from Colorado. M. W. Blackman 137 

7. Description of Hylocurus parkvnsoniac n. sp., with Revisional Notes 

on Hylocurus Eichhoff and Micracis LeConte. M. W. Blackman. . . 142 

8. The Life History of two Species of Nabidae (Hemip. Heterop.) : 

Nahis roseipennis Reut. and N. rufusculus Reut. F. G. Mundinger. 149 

[3] 



TRUSTEES OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF 

FORESTRY 



EX-OFFICIO 

Dr. Charles W. Flint, Chancellor Syracuse University 

Dr. Frank P. Graves, Commissioner of education Albany, N- Y. 

Hon. Alexander Macdonald, Conservation Commissioner Albany, N. Y. 

Hon. Jeremiah Wood, Lieutenant-Governor Hemstead, L. I. 

APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR 

Hon. Alexander T. Brown Syracuse, N. Y. 

Hon. John R. Clancy k Syracuse, N". Y. 

Hon. Harold D. Cornwall Beaver Falls, N. Y. 

Hon. George W. Driscoll Syracuse, N. Y. 

Hon. C. C. Burnes Watertown, N. Y 

Hon. Louis Marshall New York City 

Hon. William H. Kelley Syracuse, N. Y. 

Hon. Edward H. O'Hara Syracuse, N. Y. 

Hon. J. Henry Walters New York City 

OFFICERS OF THE BOARD 

Hon. Louis Marshall President 

Hon. John R. Clancy Vice-President 

[4] 









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f ig. I. — Map of the Cranberry Lake Region, New York, showing the location of Collection Station. Drawn by Stickel. 



. ; 



. • 






/ 









AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HEMIPTERA OF THR 
CRANBERRY LAKE REGION, NEW YORK 

By Herbert Osborn and Carl J. Drake 

For the purpose of this study it is proposed to use an ecological 
grouping based on the primitive forest conditions or forest cover 
of the region with particular recognition of the modification caused 
by the lumbering or cutting of the large conifers and part of the 
hardwoods, and the subsequent burning of certain cut-over tracts. 
These factors have operated to produce a very different combina- 
tion of organisms, in part because of the different plant associa- 
tions which have formed a succession for the forest cover, buc 
largely owing to the evident killing out of certain members of the 
original fauna. The latter is probably due to the disappearance 
of the food plants concerned or in some cases no doubt to the 
actual elimination of the species in certain areas occasioned by the 
destruction of the vegetation and duff through fire. 

While the boundaries of the groups are not in all cases well 
defined / and as each may carry a varied flora aside from the domi- 
nant plant species, there is usually a rather definite limit for each. 
In any case the hemipterous fauna for each association is fairly 
well defined. It is true that certain species which disregard all 
limitations of host plants may enter a number or even all of the 
communities, but this does not invalidate the general rule and in 
many cases the restrictions to certain host plants or to a special 
environment is very marked. 

The Cranberry Lake Region (fig. 1) as here delimited includes 
the lake proper and adjacent tracts. The former, including bays 
and flows, has a maximum length of about nine miles. The total 
distance around the lake is approximately 160 miles. The altitude 
is about 1,485 feet above sea level.* The valleys, bogs, swamps, 
lakes, marshes, streams, hills and low mountains give considerable 
physiographical diversity within a small area. 

The original forest cover (birch, beech, maple, spruce, pine, 
hemlock, balsam, larch, etc.) has been modified in most tracts by 
lumbering and fire (burns). The "burns" and cut-over areas are 
in various stages of rehabilitation and offer the most varied and 
most favorable breeding places for Hemiptera. The "plains," 
bogs, swamps, marshes, etc., present the usual combination of plant 
association. An excellent and detailed discussion of these, includ- 
ing the biological conditions, has been published by Brayf in 
"The Development of the Vegetation of New York State." The 
collecting regions mentioned in these pages are marked by the 

* The camp site is about 1,500 feet above sea level. 

t Bray, W. L. The Development of the Vegetation of New York State. Tech. 
Pub. No. 3, N. Y. State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. 

[5] 



6 New York State College of Forestry 

absence of oak, sycamore, hickory, walnut, hackberry, elm and 
basswood. 

Headquarters were established at the State Forest Camp on 
Barber Point, Cranberry Lake, about seven miles from Cranberry 
Village and some eight miles from Wanakena. The collections 
covered a diversity of locations and the paper is based on records 
of three summers, collections being made at odd times by Drake 
in 1917 and 1919 and the past summer (1920) by Osborn and 
Drake together. 

For convenience the list of species follows the excellent cata- 
logue by Van Duzee,* but in many cases the authors do not con- 
sider the sequence of genera or species as representing the most 
probable lines of evolution of the groups or the natural affinities. 
No synonomy or specific bibliography has been included since these 
are so admirably covered by the above mentioned author. Only 
references to the more recent papers or to such as are especially 
desirable for the accommodation of readers of this paper are cited. 

LOCATION OF COLLECTING STATIONS 

1. State Forest Camp (Fig. 2) : The principal collecting sta- 
tion was the state forest camp and other of the more favorable 
areas in the immediate vicinity. In fact about 95 per cent of the 
species herein listed were recorded for the Barber tract. The 
different associations of this area are quite representative of the 
Cranberry Lake region and includes forests, swamps, marshes, 
bogs, hills, flows, tote-roads, trails, burns, and streams. 




Fig. 2. — State Forest Camp Site of the New York State College 
of Forestry, Barber Point, Cranberry Lake, N. Y. See description 
of Station Number 1. Photo by Osborn. 



* Van Duzee, E. P. Cat. Hemip. of Amer. North of Mexico. Univ of Calif. Pub. 
Vol. II, pp. I-XIV, 1-902, 1917. 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 7 




Fig. 3.— The Beaver Meadow on the Barber Tract. See descrip- 
tion of Station Number 2. Photo by Dr. Bray. 



In addition to the native plants several foreign species, inci- 
dentally carried in with the hay and grain destined for the lumber 
camps, have become established along the trails and tote-roads. 
One of the latter almost parallels Sucker Brook and leads through 
various ecological types, including bogs, beaver meadows, logged 
area, etc., to Proulx's lumber camp and offered the most favorable 
and attractive collecting places. 

2. Beaver Meadows (Fig. 3) : The beaver meadows are located 
about a mile from the State Forest Camp along the Sucker Brook 
tote-road. As the name suggests, these extensive areas have arisen 
through flooding occasioned by the beaver dams and have replaced 
a balsam swamp forest which preceded them. As a result of this 
inundation the balsam (Abies bolsamea (L) Mill.), spruce (Picea 
rubra (DuRoi) Dietr.), speckled alder (Alnus incana (L) Moench.) 
and many of the other woody and non-woody plants have been 
smothered by the higher water level. The dominant plants of the 
present association, which persist around the borders and on the 
higher elevations, are grasses (principally Calamagrostis cana- 
densis (Michx.) Beauv.), sedges, rushes, iris, speckled aider, and 
spiraea (largely Spiraea latifolia Borkh. and some Spiraea tomen- 
tosa L.). Sphagnum is also found in certain places. 

3. Forsaith's Bog (Fig. 4) : This is a forest bog located about 
a mile from the State Forest Camp across the Sucker Brook Trail 
from the Beaver meadows. An abandoned tote-road, which 



New York State College of Forestry 




Fig. 4. — ■ Abandoned tote road in Forsaith's Bog. See descrip- 
tion of Station Number 3. Photo by Fivaz. 

branches off the Sucker Brook road near camp, winds through 
this bog" again to join with the Sucker Brook tote-road at the farther 
end of the burn. The plants indicate a secondary association fol- 
lowing a balsam swamp forest and will ultimately be dominated 
by the latter. The arborescent forms are represented by balsam, 
red and black spruce (Picea rubra and Picea mariana (Mill.) 
BSP), a few larch (Larix laricina (DuRoi) Koch), hemlock (Tsuga 
canadensis (L.) Carr.), yellow birch (Betula lutea Michx. f.), 
and soft maple (Acer saccharinum L). In addition there are 
willows (Salix. spp.) and some dense thickets of speckled alder. 
The bog type is represented by Cassandra, Kalmia, Ledum, Vac- 
cinium, Nemopanthus, and the less conspicuous forms such as cran- 
berry, aromatic winter green, snowberry, twin flower and the like. 
The terrene is generally covered with a deep matrix of sphagnum. 
Certain small areas in this bog are perhaps typically swamp-like 
or marsh-like. Collections were also made in other bogs, swamps 
and marshes which represent more advanced stages in the develop- 
ment of their plant associations. 

4. Lumbered Areas: The recently lumbered areas in the 
vicinity of Proulx's Camp and other older logged areas in various 
stages of recovery were studied. These cut-over tracts were for- 
merly a mixed coniferous and hardwood forest from which most 
of the soft wood had been removed. 

5. Burns (Fig. 5) : The burns on the Barber tract and near 
"Wanakena offered the most attractive breeding places for Hemip- 
tera. The former is a transitional association of fire cherry 
(Prunus pennsylvanica L. f.) and aspen (Populus tremuloides 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 9 

Michx. and Populus grandidentata Michx.). The temporary char- 
acter* of the cherry-aspen type is indicated by the presence of 
yellow birch, beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.), hard and soft 
maple (Acer saccharinum L. and A. saccliarum Marsh), and a 
small percentage of conifers (spruce, white pine (Pinus Strobus 
L), hemlock, and balsam) in the understory. The ground cover 
of seedlings, grasses and other herbaceous plants form a much 
greater variety than that of the logged, but unburned areas, and 

r 



j 



. 




Fig. 5.— Tote road near Sucker Brook leading through a 
large "burn" (Barber Tract) in cut-over areas and to lum- 
ber camp. See description of Station Number 5. Photo by 
Fivaz. 



* The climax Adirondack forest consists of yellow birch, sugar maple and beech in 
mixture with red spruce, white pine, balsam and hemlock. 



10 New York State College of Forestry 

virgin forest. There is also a much greater number of the indi- 
vidual plants of the various species. 

6. Crataegus Hill: This is a small hill-top on the Barber tract 
about three-fourths of a mile from camp. Crataegus sp., iron- 
wood (Ostrya virginiana (Mill) K. Koch), white ash (Fraxinus 
americana L.), red raspberry (Bubus idaeus, L. var., aculeatis- 
simus (C. A. Mey.) Kegel. & Tiling.), aster {Aster macrophyllus 
L.), boneset (Eupatorium sp.) and sedges and grasses are the 
principal plants. 

7. Big Floating Island (Figs. 6 and 7) : This station lies on 
the west side of Cranberry Lake near Joe Indian Island. Although 
stationary it is a typical floating island which has arisen through 
the massing of drift logs and other plant detritus resulting in a 
substratum which has enabled certain hardy plants to obtain a 
foot-hold. The vegetation represents a typical floating bog and 
consists of a heavy sphagnum matrix (8 to 10 inches deep of living 
sphagnum) surmounted by a dense thicket-like growth of Cas- 
sandra or leather leaf (Chamaedaphne calyculata (L). Moench) 
and sweet gale (Myrica Gale L.) and a few clusters of speckled 
alder and an occasional larch. 

8. Grasse River Bog (Fig. 8) : This is a large bog located 
near Silver Lake and traversed by the Grasse River Railroad con- 
necting Cranberry Village and Conifer. This region is intercepted 
by several brooks and is covered by a dense vegetation which, how- 
ever, is restricted to relatively few plants. Here and there one 
finds almost a pure association of Carex oligosperma Michx. while 
clumps of Cassandra, speckled alder, labrador tea (Ledum groen- 
landicum Oeder), pale laurel (Kalmia polifolia Wang.), Andro- 
meda polifolia L., low sweet blueberry (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum 
Lam., var. angustif olium (Ait.) Gray, with some withe-rod (Vibur- 
num cassinoides L.) and chokeberry (Pyrus melanocarpa (Michx.), 
Willd., dot the surface. 

9. New York State Ranger School Tract: This tract, located 
near Wanakena, N. Y., is controlled by the New York State College 
of Forestry. It includes an extensive burn, tote-roads, forests, 
bogs, swamps, and streams. Owing to the type of topography, 
over-run by high hills and depressions, it offers a wide range of 
habitats, plant associations and most excellent collecting. Con- 
ditions on this tract and other favorable areas in the vicinity of 
Wanakena are somewhat comparable to Barber tract on Cran- 
berry Lake. 

10. Bean Pond (Fig. 9) : This is a small, open-water pond 
near the middle of an extreme type of Adirondack bog (Bray, 
1. c. pp. 125-128) with many of the bog-plants wholly removed 
and the more bog-tolerant species, chiefly dwarf black spruce, 
tamarack and leather leaf, growing in a deep and compact matrix 
of sphagnum. Small black spruce shrubs or apparent seedlings 
growing near the pond are practically as old as the larger ones 
or fairly large trees near the outer margins of the bog. 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 11 

11. Climax Forest Type* (Fig. 10) : This station was located 
on state land in a tract of virgin forest near the Oswegatchie River 
opposite from the New York State Ranger School. The trees con- 
sist of hardwoods dominated by conifers, especially white pine. 
Several specimens of the latter, about 125 feet tall and a D. B. H. 
of 42 to 49 inches, represent some of the most magnificent trees 
in the Adirondacks. 

12. The Plains (Fig. 11) : These areas are a series of open- 
ings near the Upper Oswegatchie River and are very typical of 
the so-called treeless plains of the Adirondacks. Bray quite fully 




Fig. 6. — Big^ Floating Island, taken from a distance by Fivaz. 
See description of Station Number 7. 



discusses these treeless areas in "The Development of Vegetation 
of New York State " (1. c, pp. 144-147) and states, " Borings 
show from two to three feet of compact, fine sand evidently offer- 
ing poor areation. Below, the deposit is darker, coarser and full 
of coarser grit. The water table is normally several feet below 
the surface, but the area has much the aspect of a wet lowlands, 
and during rainy seasons is in effect like an area of soaked soils. 
But, as in other sand areas, it is subject to extreme drouth." 

As Bray has pointed out the plants of the "plains," as repre- 
sented by complex associations of swamp, bog and typical members 
of barren vegetation, reflect the peculiar bioclimatic conditions of 
the region. These open heath barrens, margined by tamaracks 
which are slowly encroaching the open terrene, are gradually being 
broken up. They are also occasionally dotted with black spruce. 
The shrubs consist largely of mountain fly honeysuckle {Lonicera 
caerulea L.) blueberries (Y actinium canadense Kalm., and V. 
pennsylvanicum, var. angustifolium and Y. vacillans Kalm.), 



* Typical Adirondack forest, see footnote, p. 9. 



12 



New York State College of Forestry 



choke cherry (Prunus virginiana L.), Pyrus aroutifolia and P. 
melanocarpa (Michx.) Willd. Two wet-land grasses (Avena Tor- 
reyi Nash and Oryzopsis asperifolia Michx.), the abundance of 
creeping blackberry (Bubus hispidus L.) and two species of 
Spiranthes (growing among the wet-land grasses) tend to empha- 
size the hydrophytic aspect of the plains. Extreme areas are 
covered with reindeer moss which reaches its optimum development 
during the autumn months. Here and there golden rods, asters 
and spiraea are found among the shrubs and have a conspicuous 
place in the flora of late summer. ■ 




Fig. 7. — Big Floating Island; photo taken near the island by 
Osborn. See description of Station Number 7. 



PALAEARCTIC HEMIPTERA OCCURRING IN THE CRAN= 
BERRY LAKE REGION 

Horvath* very carefully studied and collated the genera and 
species of Hemiptera, known to occur in both Europe and America, 
especially those of the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. He pre- 
sents evidences to show that many of the species common to both 
faunas are of Palaearctic origin and that migration took place 
largely in an eastward direction by the way of Alaska. Many 
of the species known to occur in both regions have only been taken 
in eastern and northeastern localities of the United States and 
Eastern Canada. Although this is not in perfect accord with some 
of Horvath 's theories and evidences, more collecting in the western 
regions of the United States and Canada will undoubtedly extend 
the range westward for many of the Palaearctic Hemiptera that 
have become permanently established in North America. Parshley t 



* Horvath, G. Les relations entre les faunes h6mipt6rologiques de 1' Europe et 
de PAmerique du Nord, Ann. Hist. Nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., Budapest, 1908. 

t Parshley, H. M. Fauna of New England. List of Hem.-Het. Occasional Papers 
Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1917. 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 13 



has discussed the Palaearctic Hemiptera known to be established 
in New England and added a number of species of Heteroptera, 
which have been recently taken in New England, to Horvath's 
list, and Knight* has treated quite carefully the species of Miridae 
common to Nearctic and Palaearctic regions. Several species are 
apparently of rather recent introduction by human agencies and 
hence must be considered in a different class from those having 
naturally holarctic range. 



Homoptera 



Philaenus leucophthalmus 
Evacanthus acuminatus 
Acucephalus nervosus 
Acucephalus albifrons 
Deltocephalus abdominalis 
Deltoceptalus pascuellus 
■f Euscelis striatulus 
Euscelis obsoleta 
Empoasca flavescens 
Empoasca smaragdula 



Euscelis striolus 
Cicadula variata 
Cicadula 6-notata 
Balclutha punctata 
Empoa tenerrima 
Empoa lethierryi 
Empoa rosae 
Dikraneura fieben 
Alebra albostriella 



Heteroptera 



Sciocoris microphthalmus 
Corizus hyalinus 
Corizus crassicornis 
Aradus lugubris 
Gerris rufoscutellatus 
Nysius ericae 
Galeatus peckhami 
Beduvius personatus 
Nobis limbatus 
Nabis ferns 
Cimex lectularius 
Miris dolobratus 
Plagiognathus chrysanthemi 



Stenodema trispinosum 
Teratocoris paludum 
Trigonitylus ruficornis 
Stenotus binotatus 
Poeciloscytus unifasciatus 
Capsus ater 
Lygus pabulinus 
Lygus apicalis 
Lygus pratensis 
Monalocoris filicis 
Mecomma ambulans 
Saldula pallipes 
Callicorixa praeusta 



THE HEMIPTERA OF THE ADIRONDACK^ 

The first records of the Hemiptera of the Adirondack Moun- 
tains, published by MacGillivray and Houghtont in 1903, were col- 
lected during June, 1901, in the vicinity of Axton at an elevation 
of about 1,600 feet. This paper includes 53 species, 34 Heterop- 
tera and 19 Homoptera respectively. A few years later Van 



* Knight, H. H. Nearctic Records for species of Miridae known heretofore only 
from the Palaearctic Region (Heterop.) Can. Ent., Vol. LIII, Part 12, 1921, pp. 280- 
288. (Published in Jan. 1922). 

f Euscelis striatulus and E. obsoletus of Horvath's list are separated by Van Duzee 
as instablis and relativus respectively. 

X MacGillivray, Alex. D. and Houghton, C. O. A list of the Insects in the Adirondack 
Mountains, N. Y.— III. Ent. News, Vol. 14, pp. 262-265, 1903. 



14 



New York State College of Forestry 



Duzee* published a list of the species of Hemiptera known to 
occur in the Adirondacks. The latter, based on a few days' col- 
lectirg at Lake Placid and Saranac Lake Junction in 1902 and 
the forms enumerated by MacGillivray and Houghton, contains 193 
species of Hemiptera (92 Heteroptera and 101 Homoptera). 

The present list enumerates 397 species and varieties of Hemip- 
tera, 218 Heteroptera (one lygaeid not determined), and 179 
Homoptera. All the species are from the vicinity of Cranberry 
Lake and 95 per cent or more of the forms occurring in this region 
have been taken on about 200 acres of the Barber tract. How- 
ever, this portion of the tract is represented by a marked variety 
of ecological and biological conditions. It includes camp site, 
hills, marshes, bogs, beaver meadows, lumbered areas, forests, tote- 
roads, trails, open areas, dense growth of young trees, burned- 
over areas, coves of Cranberry Lake and the like. The following 
species, listed by Van Duzee, have not been taken in the vicinity 
of Cranberry Lake : 



Homoptera 

Lepyronia 4-angularis Say 
IStictocephala lute a Walk. 
Macropsis 3-maculata Fh. 
Deltocephalus debilis (probably 

abdominalis 
Deltocephalus compactus 0. & B. 
Aconura acuticauda Bak. 
Chlorotettix viridis 
Balclutha osborni Van D. 
Trjioza 3-punctata Fh. 



Heteroptera 

Physatocheila plexa Say 
Corythucha juglandis Fitch 

(probably pallipes Parsh.) 
Xylocoris (Piezostethus) galac- 

tinus Fieb. 
Phytocoris conspersipes (brevi- 

usculus) Beut. 
Calocoris uhleri (tinctus) VanD 
Dichrooscytus elegans Uhler 
Halticus apterus (Linn.) 
Strongylocoris (Stiphrosoma) 

croceipes (Uhl.) 
Pilophorus clavipes Uhler MS 
Ceratocapsus (Melinna) mod- 

estus Uhler. 
Orthotylus chlorionis Say. 
Orthotylus (Diommatus con- 

grex Uhler dorsalis Prov. 
Orthotylus (marginatus Uhl) 

( Cyrtorrhinus ) marginatus 

Uhl.) 
Plagiognathus obscurus Uhler 

The above list includes 23 species of Hemiptera (14 Heteroptera 
and 9 Homoptera) not collected in the Cranberry Lake region. 
This gives a total of 409 species of Hemiptera for the Adirondack 
Mountains. However, the three papers taken together do not 



Van Duzee, E. P. List of Hemiptera Taken in the Adirondack Mountains 
20 Rept. N. Y. St. Ent. pp. 547-556. 1904. 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 15 

represent a complete list of Hemiptera for tne Adirondacks. In 
fact the last day's collecting added four new species to the 
Cranberry Lake region. On the other hand, collecting in other 
parts of the Adirondacks where numerous trees and food plants 
occur, which are not found at all in the vicinity of Cranberry 
Lake, will undoubtedly add many new records. 

Van Duzee * catalogues 381 species of Hemiptera (197 Heterop- 
tera and 184 Homoptera) for Buffalo and vicinity. The Buffalo 
list covers several times as much area as the Cranberry Lake 
region covered by the authors. 




-%',;: I 7 ■ ■ '.,:r ' :: : :: ■:;- : :. ■' ■ - . ".:: / ■ Z -77 7 . -rCi nUj:^ ■ 
7s. 7 7-a ■ : "^' ■■®S&r-->:^<.^ m : 77-v te ■ -:; .70 7m : *w ■ 

v7p^fV7%7-':' 

^777Wim v 77770 -?7^ : ■ ■ ' " 7"7"-" ■■:■'■ ' 77- 7" ; ^t-'7 ■ ■ ; *il 7 "'-7 777 ■ 

H . : '7-'-..77 





Fig. 8. — Grasse River Bog near Silver Lake. 
Station Number 8. Photo by Osborn. 



See description of 



LEAF HOPPERS OF NEW YORK STATE 

Osbornf catalogues 184 species of leaf hoppers, Jassidae or 
Cicadellidae, for New York. The following species for Cranberry 
Lake and vicinity, not represented in the above list, are new 
records for the State: Agallia oculata, Idiocerus amabilis, Idio- 
cerus subnitems, Xestocephalus nigrifrons, Parabolocratus major, 
Deltocephalus ocellaris, D. misellus, D. nominatus, D. flavovirens, 

D. nigriventer, Euscelis deceptus, E. arctosaphyli, E. humidus, 

E. angustatus, E. elongatus, E. comma, Plilepsius maculellus, 
Thamnotettix cockereilli, T. morsei, T. belli, var. brunners, T. wal- 
dana and Cicadula pallida. This gives a total of 206 species of 
Cicadellidae (Jassidae) for the state, of which 130 are recorded 
herein for the Cranberry Lake region. 



* Van Duzee, E. P. A List of the Hemiptera of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buf . 
Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol 5, No. 4, pp. 167-205, 1907. 

t Osborn, Herbert. Jassidae of New York State. 20 Rept. N. Y. St. Ent. for 
1904, pp. 498-546. 



16 New York State College of Forestry 

NATURAL ENEMIES 

Of the natural enemies of Hemiptera we can only offer incom- 
plete records as time did not permit detailed studies of this phase 
of the associations. The mammals of the region, save perhaps the 
beavers, probably have little influence on the hemipterous fauna. 
The latter by the construction of dams have altered the conditions 
of the drainage channels and inundated rather extensive areas, 
As a result of the higher water level many of the plants have been 
smothered and replaced largely by more or less hydrophytic forms. 
With this transition of the vegetation there has, of course, been a 
change of the hemipterous content of the flooded areas. 




Fig. 9. — Bean Pond on the New York State Ranger School Tract 
near Wanakena, N. Y. See description of Station Number 10. 
Photo by Osborn. 

Birds are numerous and no doubt some of the species prey 
extensively on this group of insects, especially during certain 
parts of the year but we have not observed any specific instances 
of especial or noteworthy attacks on particular species. Reptiles 
are not great in numbers and are of little importance as checks 
upon Hemiptera. The Batrachians, especially frogs, are quite 
numerous and feed largely upon insects. No attempt has been 
made to study the contents of the stomachs of toads and frogs of 
the Cranberry Lake region, but the works of Kirkland,* Surface,! 
Drake,{ Munz § and others readily show the economic aspect of 



* Kirkland, A. H. Habits, Food and Economic Value of the American Toads 
Bull. 46 of Hatch Exp. Station of the Mass. Agri. College, pp. 1-31, 1897; — Usefulnes. 
of the American Toad. Farmers' Bull. No. 196, U. S. D. A.; pp. 1-16, 1904. 

f Surface, H. A. Economic Features of the Amphibians of Pennsylvania. Zool. 
Bull. Pa. Dept. Agr., 3, 67-152, 1913. 

t Drake, Carl J. The Food of Rana pipiens Shreber. Ohio Naturalist, 14:257- 
269, 1914. 

§ Munz, Philip A. A Study of the Food Habits of the Ithican Species of Anura 
During Transformation. Ponoma College Jl. of Ent. & Zool. 12:33-57, 1920. 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 17 

these amphibians. The fishes of course consume many aquatic 
insects and forms that happen to fall into the water, but they 
have very little relation to the forest Hemiptera. 

The predaceous Hemiptera play an important role in the control 
of plant-feeding Hemiptera and other phytophagus insects. Such 
ravenous forms as Nobis limbatus, N. roseipennis, N. rufusculus, 
Podisus serieventris, P. modestus, P. placidus, P. maculiventris, 
Anthocoris borealis, Tetraphleps osbomi, Triphleps insidiosus, 
Deraeocoris (Camptobrochys) borealis and the like are very con- 
spicuous in the region studied. The aquatics are mostly predatory, 
but they sustain themselves upon aquatic insects and other aquatic 
animals and also upon insects that happen to fall in the water, 
Hymenopterous egg parasites were bred from the eggs of several 
of the Heteroptera and numerous Jassids were parasitized by 
dryinids. Tachinid eggs were observed on the backs of some of 
the Pentatomidae. Predaceous insects in other orders also destroy 
many Hemiptera. 

Of the invertebrate groups associated with Hemiptera the 
spiders are of special interest and while the species are not 
numerous and individuals have not been observed as specially 
abundant they are probably the most important of »the natural 
enemies. 

Collections of these have been made incidentally while sweeping 
or beating for Hemiptera and specimens -have been submitted to 
Dr. W. M. Barrows of the Ohio State University for identification. 
The following list should not be considered as representing the 
spider fauna of the region, but simply as indicating the most 
common species associated with the Hemiptera and from the 
known food habits # as constituting a natural check for this group 
as well as other associated insects. 

Common Spiders of Cranberry Lake Region 

Epeira insularis Hentz. Barber Point, no special habitat noted. 

Epeira trifolium Hentz. Barber Point, collected in the Beaver Meadow, 
July SO, 1920. 

Epeira trivittata Keys. Barber Point: marsh, July 5 and 28; willow, 
Aug. 5; tote road along Sucker Brook, July 28; virgin forest, July 28; 
Aug. 11; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Epeira thaddeus Hentz. Virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. 

Pellenes hoyi Peckham. Barber Point — no special habitat noted but accord- 
ing to Dr. Barrows this is a meadow sipecies. 

Tibellus duttoni Hentz. Barber Point, taken in the marsh and Beaver 
meadow, July 5, 28 ; tote road, Julv 28 ; on willows, July 28, " burn," July 
28, 1920, 

Tibellus otlongus (Walck) . Barber Point, taken near the tote road leading 
to Forsaith's Bog, July 28, 1*920. 

Dendryphantes militaris (Hentz). Marsh and meadow tote road, July 2'8; 
burn July 27; on willows Aug. 5, 1920. 

Dendryphantes capitattts (Hentz). Taken on willow, July 28, in dense 
virgin forest; Barber Point, July 29. 

*Bilsing, S. W. Quantitative Studies in the Food of Spiders. Ohio Journal of 
Science, Vol. XX, 1920, p. 215-260. 



18 New York State College of Forestry 

Dictyna frondea Em. On willow, Barber Point, July 28. 

Dictyna (bostonensis Em.?). Forsaith's Bog, Barber Point, July 28, 1920; 
not recorded hitherto except for eastern Mass. 

Dictyna muriaria Em. Tote road near camp site, July 2.8, 1920'. 

Dictyna volucripes Em. In rotten wood at Barber Point, August, 1920. 

Lophocarenum florens (C'amb. ) Tote road along Sucker Brook, July 28, 
1920. 

Tetragnatha laboriosa Hentz. On willows near tote road, Barber Point and 
virgin forest, July 28, 1920. 

Tetragnatha grallator Hentz. Sweeping on yellow bdrch in " burn " at 
Barber Point, Aug. 2, 1920. 

Linyphia marginata Koch. On willows near tote road leading to Forsaith's 
bog, July 28, 1920. 

Theridium frondeum Hentz. Taken along tote road on willow in company 
with the above species, July 28, 1920. 

Theridium murarium Em. On yellow birch at Barber Point, June 26, 1920. 

Theridula sphaerula Hentz. In virgin forest, July 28, 1920. 

Misumena vatia (Clerck). On Salioc, July 28, at Barber Point. 

Misumena sp. Young, taken at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920; virgin forest, 
Aug. 11, 1920. 

Helophora insignis (Blk.) Thor. Collected in the virgin forest, Aug. 11, 
1920. 

i¥ angora placida (Hentz). Sweeping grasses and weeds in tote road, Julv 
28, 1920. 

Agalena naevia Walck. Virgin forest, July 29, 1920. Dense young forest 
at Barber Point, July 29, 1920. 

Xysticus limbatus Keys. Sweeping weeds near site, July 31, 1920. 

Clubiona sp. ? In virgin forest, July 28, 1920, at Barber Point, July 31, 
1920. 

Theridiosoma radiosa. (Em.) In dense young forest at Barber Point, 
July 29, 1920. 

Chiracdnthium viride Em. (?) In lumbered area, Barber Point, Aug. 20, 
1920. 

Pirata insularis Em. In Forsaith's Bog under sphagnum, Aug. 10, 1920. 

Pardosa sp.? Virgin forest, Aug. 11, 1920. 

Phidippus multiformis Em. Plains, Aug. 3', 1920'. 

Phidippus sp.? Barber Point, no special habitat recorded. 

Sittacus striatus Em. (?) Barber Point, 1920. 

Coriarchne versicolor Keys. Under bark near Proulx's lumber camp, Aug. 
2,, 1920. 

Many of the spiders appear to have a very general distribution, especially 
such forms as Epeira trivittata, Tibellus duttoni, Dendryphantes militaris 
and Tetrangnatha laboriosa.. Pirata insularis seems to be confined to bogs, 
the only definite record being under sphagnum in a well-marked bog. 
Agaleana naevia was taken only in deep forest, but is known to occur in 
meadows. The distinctly forest species, as indicated by our records, are 
Theridula sphaerula, Helophora insignis, Tetragnatha grallator, Coriarachne 
versicolor and Eperira thaddeus. 

The plains had. a variety of species and Phidippus multiformis seems to 
be the only species limited in our collecting: to this region. Most of the 
meadow or grassland species occurred in the woods or at least along the 
tote roads and trails, but Epeira trifolium, Dictyna bostonensis. Pellenes 
hoyi, and Xysticus limbatus are evidently more at home in meadow 
association. 

METEOROLOGICAL RECORDS 

The meteorological records of the United States Department of 
Agriculture Weather Bureau, taken by Mr. R. R. Streeter at the 
New York State Ranger School, Wanakena, New York, furnish 
the data for the table given below. The collecting, except a few 
forms secured during the last week in May and the first two weeks 



Ecological Study, of Hemipfera of Cranberry Lake Region 19 

in September, was confined entirely to the summer months of 
June, July and August. These months include (see table) the 
greatest period of insect activity and for many species practically 
the entire time for the development of the nymphal stages. The 
daily range of temperature is also quite marked. The nights are 
generally cool and, consequently, the insects are not very active 
during the latter part of the afternoon, early morning and night. 
As a result of the late spring and the unusually heavy rainfall 
during July (7.35 inches) the development of the immature stages 
was somewhat retarded and adults of many species were not taken 
until the latter part of the summer. 

Meteorological Table — 1920 





Temperature 


Monthly Summary 
Mean Temperature 


Precipitation 




Maxi- 
mum 


Mini- 
mum 


Great- 
est 
daily 
range 


Maxi- 
mum 


Mini- 
mum 


Mean 


Rain- 
fall, 
inches 


Snow- 
fall, 
inches 


Greatest 
depth 

of snow 
on 

ground, 
inches 


January 


27 

34° 


31 
—39° 


20 

57° 


17.7° 


—9.1° 


4.3° 


1.99 


35.5 


33.5 


February 


2 
45° 


28 
—33° 


1 

54° 


27.4° 


1.4° 


14.4° 


3.24 


24.5 


52.0 


March 


25 

66° 


2 
—27° 


2 
63° 


41.7° 


16.1° 


28.9° 


3.03 


11.2 


53.0 




1 

69° 


19 

42° 


19 

42° 


47.2° 


27.0° 


37.1° 


3.82 


5.8 






5.0 


May 


29 

81° 


25 

46° 


25 

46° 


68.1° 


38.8° 


53.4° 


1.81 














1-2 

82° 


26 
37° 


26 
37° 


73.1° 


51.3° 


62.2° 


1.46 












July 


30 

89° 


30 
32° 


30 

57° 


71.9° 


51.3° 


61.6° 


7.35 












August 


9 

83° 


4 
33° 


4 
33° 


75.7° 


53.1° 


64.4° 


2.11 








September. . . . 


26 

81° 


20 

27° 


21 
35° 


59.1° 


54.4° 


57.2° 


5.11 








October 


15-16 

75° 


23 

24° 


24 
44° 


62.9° 


50.2° 


51.6° 


1.85 








November. . . . 


3 

51° 


2 
45° 


2 
45° 


36.6° 


21.6° 


29.1° 


4.73 


14.6 




December .... 


22 &25 

47 o 


9 
39° 


9 
39° 


36.1° 


14.7°z 


25.4° 


4.45 


35.5 


12.0 



THE HEMIPTEROUS FAUNA 
Forest Associations 

Primitive Forest: The Hemiptera of the deep woods associa- 
tion are limited in number of species, but consist of rather dis- 
tinctive forms and some of them quite closely restricted to such 



20 New York State College of Forestry 

environments. An excellent example of pristine conditions is 
found on state land across the Oswegatchie River from the Ranger 
School. This tract includes untouched virgin forest of great age 
and dominated by some of the largest and most magnificent pines 
of the Adirondacks. 




Fig. 10. — Virgin Forest on State Land near Wanakena, N. Y. 
See description of Station Number 11. Photo by Drake. 

The tree tops, of course, were far beyond our reach, but they 
may be expected to support many of the insects common to the 
same trees on the lower stratum of vegetation. The lower stratum 
consisting of seedlings of the principal forest trees, white pine, 
spruce, balsam, hemlock, yellow birch, hard and soft maple, beech, 
wintergreen, ferns, etc., furnished a habitat of quite special 
features, the most important being a deep bed of forest leaf -debris, 
humid atmosphere, and almost complete lack of direct sunshine. 
In this habitat the most frequent Homoptera were Eupteryx flavo- 
scuta, E. nigra, E. vanduzei, Thamnotettix waldanus, Grapho- 
cephala coccinea and Gypona octo-lineata, with an occasional 
Oncopsis fitchi and 0. variabilis, the latter two possibly stragglers 
drifted down from the more favorable conditions of the tree tops. 
An aphid, Hormaphis sp., was rather common on yellow birch. 
The Heteroptera were represented particularly by Miridae — 
Lygus pabulinus, Dicyphus agilis, D. vestitutus, Macrolopus, sepa- 
rates, Diaphnidia capiiata, D. pellucida, Phytocoris lasiomerus, 
Molanocoris filicis, and Camptobrochys borealis — and a few other 
forms such as Corythucha pallipes, Nobis rufuscnlus, N. roseipen- 
nis, Saldula inter stualis and MicrantJiia humilis. The Saldidae 
were taken along the bank of a small stream in the deep forest. 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 21 

Bog Association'. The Hemiptera of the bogs, as represented 
in Big Floating Island, Bean Pond, Forsaith's Bog, included such 
forms as Euscelis humidus, E. instobilis, E. vaccinii, Phlepsius 
macidellus, Thamnotettix eburatus Aphelonema histrionica, Lac- 
cocera vittipennis, Nabis limbatus, Ischnorrhynchus geminatus, 
Phytocoris lasiomerus, Psallus n. sp., etc. Europiella rubida, 
Plagiognathus fraternus, P. politus, and Camptobrochys laricolis 
were collected on larch. The aquatic forms, taken in Bean Pond 
and a small pond in Big Floating Island, are represented by Gerris 
ruf oscutellatus , G. buenoi, G. marginatus, Notonecta undulata, 
Buenoa margaritacea, Ranatra americana, Microvelia buenoi, Cal- 
licorixa praesuta and Artocorixa scabara. 

Swamp Association: The swamp meadow association included 
especially Draeculacephala noveboracensis, D. manitobiana, Tham- 
notettix decipiens, T. ciliatus, T. placidus, Nabis limbatus, Phyto- 
coris sp., Mecomma gilvipes, Stenodema trispinosum, S. vicinum, 
Trigonotylus ruficornis, Collaria meilleurii, Homaemus aenei- 
frons and several of the forms (aquatics and plant-feeders) listed 
in the bog association. 

Plain Association: The Hemiptera of the Plains included 
especially Philaronia bilineata, Philaenus lineatus, Pubilia con- 
cava, Deltocephalus misellus, Laccocera vittipennis, Melanorhopala 
clavata, Thyanta custator, Coenus delius, Perillus exaptus var. 
d. (fide Van Duzee), Ortholomus longiceps, Nysius ericea, 
Crophius disconatus, Ilnacora malina and Mecomma gilvipes. 
The latter was common along the trails in moist, shady places in 
larch thickets. The larch insects (see bog association) were very 
common in the pure stands of this tree. 

Burn Associations: The older burned-over regions (see station 
number 5) included not only the Hemiptera common to the sur- 




Fig. 11. — The Plains, located near the Upper Oswegatchie River. 
See description of Station Number 12. Photo by Prof. E. F. 
McCarthy. 



22 New York State College of Forestry 

rounding forests and cut-over areas but also many other species 
feeding upon the transitional, ericaceous and various other native 
and exotic plants peculiar to the burns, tote roads and small open 
areas along the trails and about the deserted lumber camps. These 
open areas and the camp site afforded breeding places for such 
campestral and caespiticolous species as Deltocephalus inimicus, 
D. affinis, D. apicatus, D. pascuellus, Agallia sanguinolenta, Acu- 
cephalus albifrons, Bruchomorpha oculta, Liburnia campestris, 
Lygus pratensis obliteratus, Lygaeus kalmii angustomarginatus, 
Nabis rufusculus, N. roseipennis and Triphleps insidiosus. Several 
examples of Euscelis comma were taken on the fine grasses in the 
trails. Sciocoris microphthalmus occurred on the red rasberry 
bushes and rank vegetation in the small open areas. The fire cherry 
trees were infested by Typhlocyba obliqua, Psyllia carpinicola, and 
especially Psyllia 3-maculata; the poplars (Populus tremuloides 
Michx. and P. grandidentata) by Telamona reclivata, Idiocerus 
lachrymalis, Macropsis basalis, Empoasca smaragdula, E. viridis, 
Euschistus tristigmus and Corythucha elegans. 

The alders and willows growing along the streams and in moist 
situations supported a large association of Hemiptera. The species 
listed below for these plants, also yellow birch and white pine, are 
common to a number of habitats. 
On willows (Salix spp.) : 

Idiocerus amabalis, I. pallidus, I. alternatus, Macropsis viridis, 
M. basalis, Scaphoideus immistus, Thamnotettix cocker elli, 
Empoasca smaragdula, E, aureo -viridis, Trioga salicis, Pemphigus 
tesselata, Cymus discors, Corythucha elegans, C. mollicula, Lygus 
atritylus, L. hirticulus, Lygidea rubecula obscura, Platytylellus 
lasiomerus, Phytocoris salicis, Lopidea media, Diaphnidia pellu- 
cida, Ceratocapsus pumilus, Orthotylus dorsalis, Plilophwus 
amoenus, Deraeocoris borealis and Anthorcoris borealis. 
On yellow birch (Betula lutea Michx) : 

Clastoplera obtusa, Oncopsis sobrius, 0. cognatus, 0. fitchi, 0. 
minor, Typhlocyba querci, Psyllia striata, P. carpinicola, Euschis- 
tus tristigmus, Banasa dimidiata, Meodorus lateralis, Ischnor- 
rhynchus geminatus, Corythucha pallipes, Eremocoris ferus, 
Lygus horticulus, L. fagi, Deraeocoris borealis, Hyaloides vitri- 
pennis, Pilophorus amoenus, Diaphnidia provancheri, D. capi- 
tata, Orthortylus translucens, Plagiognathus fuscosus, Aradus 
robustus, A. quadrilineatus, Aneurus inconstans, Anthocoris 
borealis, Podisus sereiventris, P. modestus and P. maculiventris. 
On White Pine (Pinus Strobus L.) : 

Aphrophora parallela, Empoasca coccimea, Elidiptera slossoni, 
Psyllia carpinicola, Phytocoris fulvous, Plagylytus luridus, Deraeo- 
coris pinicola, Pilophorus amoenus, Aradus niger and Tetraphleps 
osborni n. sp. 

In general the Hemiptera of the region may be considered as 
conspicuous members of every habitat studied. There are many 
aquatic species and some of the surface inhabiting species occur 



Ecological Study of Hemiptera of Cranberry Lake Region 23 

in countless millions (Rheumatobates rileyi, Trepobates pictus and 
Metrobates hesperius) scattered over miles of the surface of Cran- 
berry Lake and the Oswegatchie River. The shore dwelling 
species and the forms occurring in the swamps, bogs, marshes and 
meadows present a large array while the forest species occurring 
under bark, on the leaves and every possible part of the tree 
make up an aggregation that cannot possibly be overlooked by 
anyone giving the least attention to the complex association of the 
woodland. In general the greater number may be counted as 
plant feeders, but there are many predaceous forms that prey 




Fig. 12. — a, Pine Frog-hopper, Aphrophora parellela Say: 
(adult) and c, (nymph), Clostoptera obtusa Say. 



upon other insects and many of course that sustain themselves on 
decaying vegetation in such manner as to have little influence 
on other organisms. However, no species can be considered as 
entirely independent of the other forms in the complex association 
of which they may be only a very minor part. 

From an economic standpoint the majority of the Hemiptera 
must be counted injurious as by far the greater number are 
destructive to useful vegetation and especially to important forest 
trees. This may be considered especially true of the Homoptera, 
all the species so far as known being dependent upon growing 
plants for their food ; none are aquatic in the true sense but several 



24 New York State College of Forestry 

species have become adapted to bog- or swamp-plants where they 
are subject to very humid conditions or at times must be able to 
undergo temporary immersion. 

Acknowledgements: The authors wish to express here, briefly, 
their sincere appreciation to those who have kindly assisted in 
these studies. We are indebted to Dean F. F. Moon, New York 
State College of Forestry, for the opportunity of carrying on these 
investigations. The drawings have been made by Mr. J. R. Sim 
of Ashtabula, Ohio. Mr. A. E. Fivaz has taken many of the photo- 
graphs and assisted in the field work. Director W. E. Sanderson 
of the State Forest Camp has very kindly permitted us to use 
boats, canoes, tents and other equipment of the Summer Camp. 
The plants have been determined by Dr. W. L. Bray, Syracuse 
University, and Dr. H. P. Brown, New York State College of 
Forestry. The map of Cranberry Lake region has been drawn 
from a map of the Adirondacks by the Conservation Commission 
of New York State by Mr. Paul W. Stickel under the direction 
of Professor H. C. Belyea. Dr. M. W. Barrows of Ohio State 
University identified the spiders. For the determinations of in- 
sects thanks are due as follows: Dr. H. H. Knight of the Uni- 
versity of Minnesota, the Miridae; Dr. H. B. Hungerford of the 
University of Kansas, the Corixidae ; Dr. H. M. Parshley of Smith 
College, the Aradidae; Mr. H. G. Barber of Roselle Park, N. J., 
the Lygaeidae; and Mr. J. E. de la Torre Bueno of White Plains, 
N. Y., many of the Saldidae. 



HOMOPtERA IN THE VICINITY OF CRANBERRY LAKE 

By Herbert Osborn 

Family CICAD1DAE 

This family is not represented in the Cranberry Lake region 
by any number of species, the only one which has been definitely 
recognized being Tibicen canicularis. The group is interesting 
on account of the extended life history of the 17 year Cicada 
and the root-feeding habits of the immature forms. They are of 
economic importance because of the punctures caused by the 
females in depositing eggs which are laid in the twigs or smaller 
branches of various forest trees. It would seem almost certain 
that Tibicen rimosa should be found in this region but no specimens 
have been observed. Also the species described as T. novebora- 
censis by Fitch would seem likely to occur as it was discovered 
from the eastern part of the state. 

Tibicen canicularis (Harris). 

This, as stated above, is the only species definitely recognized. 
It was singing during August of the present year, but no speci- 
mens were captured. 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 25 

Family CERCOPWAB 

The spittle insects or frog hoppers are quite noticeable on 
account of the masses of froth that surround the young and which 
adheres to stems of plants or twigs of trees in such quantity as to 
attract attention. Some of the species must be of considerable 
economic importance since they occur in such numbers as to cause 
a severe drain upon the plants affected. The most notable ones in 
this area are the meadow frog hopper and the forest frog hopper 
mentioned below. 

Aphrophora parallela (Say) (Fig. 12, a). 

Cranberry Lake (Barber Pt.), July 8, 1917; Aug. 1-8, 1917; 
Aug. 4, 1918. 

Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. The species is apparently limited 
to coniferous trees as it has apparently never been recorded out- 
side of the coniferous area and is the most common species on the 
conifers; its nymphal stages and the associated froth masses ap- 
pear during June and early July. The adults are not uncommon 
in July and egg-deposition occurs during July or August. 

This species is capable of considerable injury to the coniferous 
forests being very generally distributed and abundant and the 
punctures on the twigs resulting in weakening, wilting, or occa- 
sionally killing of terminal twigs; the evidence of injury, unless 
the froth masses are observed, are apparent only some time after 
the attack has been made. It may commonly be credited to other 
sources of injury as the real culprits may have entirely disappeared 
when the injury becomes evident. Adults probably feed to quite 
an extent on the twigs or smaller branches but with less drain upon 
the plant than during the nymphal stage. It has been bred from 
spruce and pine and may occur on other conifers. 

Aphorophora 4=notata (Say). 

This occurs on quite a large variety of plants and in some loca- 
tions is very common. It is apparently most frequent in the low 
ground locations along streams or lake margins, although one cap- 
tured on the plains, which was in a border of a thicket, might 
indicate more open habitat. Cranberry Lake, July 11-14-20, 
1917, July 28-30. Aug. 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 
This species also occurs on a variety of plants and has been taken 
in a number of different plants, especially in the vicinity of Barber 
Point. 

Philaronia bilineata (Say). 

This species is common on the western plains and during the 
present season was found only on the ' ' plains ' ' where it occurred in 
open meadows upon the plains grass. In such location it is quite 
abundant, but can hardly be counted an economic species in this 
region. Cranberry Lake, July 24, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 
1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 



26 New York State College of Forestry 

Philaenus leucopthalmus (Linnaeus) (Fig. 13). 

The meadow frog-hopper is one of the most abundant of the 
spittle-insects and throughout the entire New England region 
occasions no little injury to plants, especially clover and other 
legumes, but does not attack the grasses. It has no restricted 
habitat except that it does not occur in the deeper woods and its 
froth masses are most commonly observed on the small shrubs or 
annuals. The froth masses of this species are not distinguishable 
from those of P. lineatus, but there seems to be a distinct choice 
of food plant; it occurs on a great variety of plants but, so far 
as observed, not on grasses. The occurrences of special interest 




Fig. 13. — Froth masses of Philaenus leucophthalmus Linn. Photo 
by Fivaz. 

here are on fire cherry, and raspberry, but they abound on many 
plants, especially those of the family compositae. 

The larvae of this species are to be separated from those of 
P. lineatus by the relatively shorter, blunter head. The froth 
masses including nymphs appear for this locality at the same 
time as those of P. lineatus, late June and early July, the adults 
beginning to appear by July 10 (1920) and becoming abundant 
a little later.. The species occurs in many different varieties both 
in Europe and America and most of these varieties have been 
observed in the Cranberry Lake region. Cranberry Lake, July 21, 
1917, Aug. and July 2, 1920 ; Camp, early July, 1920 ; Wanakena, 
Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; Grasse Kiver, July 22, 1920 ; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 27 

Philaenus lineatus (Linnaeus). 

The grass frog-hopper is very similar to the preceding but seems 
to restrict itself to grasses and consequently it is only found in 
open land, possibly more frequently in the more moist habitats. 
Observations in Maine showed this species to be closely restricted 
to various species of grasses and while we have not bred out adults 
for this region the immature forms examined bear out the con- 
clusion that the species is essentially a grass-feeder here. The 
froth masses have been very plentiful on timothy (introduced) 
on the camp grounds and on native grasses of the vicinity. Its 
distribution is apparently determined by that of host plants, but 
wherever such plants are available along trails of ■' tote roads " 
they may be found penetrating well into the woodlands and on 
hill sides or ridges of all parts of the region. Wherever grasses are 
of value the species may be counted of distinct economic import- 
ance. Cranberry Lake, July 18, 1917 ; Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; July 3-5, 
1920; Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917, and July 29, 1920; Grasse 
Eiver, July 22, 1920 ; Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Clastoptera obtusa Say (Fig. 12, b and c). 

This is a very common species on birch, alder and other trees 
and shrubs and may be considered of distinct economic importance 
in the forest as on some occasions a large number will be found 
on a single branch and the sap drawn from the plant for the forma- 
tion of the froth masses must mean a very considerable loss to 
the plant. While apparently protected very well by the froth 
mass, in one instance a species of mirid, Deraeocoris (Campo- 
brochys) borealis, was found with its beak inserted in the nymph 
within the froth mass. This species has been particularly con- 
spicuous during the season, its froth masses occurring in abun- 
dance on several trees and shrubs, but in especial abundance on 
the yellow birch, often several froth masses with at least one 
nymph in each mass hanging from a single twig. The froth 
masses on birch frequently show a large quantity of liquid with 
very few bubbles so that they appear watery or quite transparent 
and the nymph is very easily seen within the mass of fluid. 
Midges have been found adhering to the fluid mass, their legs 
entangled in the glairy substance much as a fly is entrapped in 
tanglefoot. Froth masses on birch, noted about July 10 and 
enclosed in twig cage, produced adult the 23d of July, 1920. 

Yellow birch is apparently the most infested of any of the trees 
of the vicinity. The general distribution is emphasized by their 
occurrence on birch in dense forest and it is quite probable they 
may be occasionally abundant in the tree tops that are out of reach 
of observation and constitute a distinct drain on the growth of 
the trees. Cranberry Lake, July 30-31, 1917; July 2-31, 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 



28 



New York State College of Forestry 



Clastoptera proteus Fitch. 

Also a very common species but apparently restricted more to 
the lower or very moist locations and occurring on heath plants, 
especially blue berries and cranberries. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 
1917; Aug. 1, 1917; (Nymphs) July 3^6, 1920; (Adult) Aug. 
10-11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Family MEMBRACIDAB 
Ceresa diceros (Say). 

This species, which is abundant in some locations, has not been 
observed commonly and probably is restricted to some food plant 
which is not abundant here. Cranberrv Lake, Aug. 1 and Sept. 
15, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Ceresa bubalus (Fabricius). 

The Buffalo tree-hopper, which is such a very abundant species 
throughout the country, occurs here only sparingly and is evi- 
dently not a forest species but adapted to open areas or particu- 
larly to annuals or shrubs. Where abundant, the eggs being de- 
posited in branches or twigs of trees have occasioned very consider- 
able injury, but owing to its scarcity it might be considered of 
no economic importance for this region and probably for the 
Adirondacks generally. Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, Aug. 
9, 1920. Wanakena (Ranger School), Aug. 12, 1920. 

Ceresa basalis Walker (Fig. 14, a and o) . 

This is the most common species of the genus for the Adirondack 
region and is found in low ground on the grasses and annual 
plants. It is sufficiently abundant to be counted distinctly in- 
jurius for the plants on which its occurs. The species is northern 
in its distribution and, except for high land, shades out into about 
the latitude of the Adirondacks. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 
Aug. 1, 1917; Sept. 15, 1917; July 30, 1920 ; Aug. 10, 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 




Fig. 14. — ■ Ceresa basalis Walk: a, adult; b, nymph. 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



29 



Carynota stupida (Walker) (Plate III). 

This is the most abundant species observed affecting the forest 
trees in the region and more detail is given in the section devoted 
to its life history. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 1918 ; nymphs abun- 
dant on birch, July 2-15, still present July 29, 1920; adults, 
July 13, Aug, 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 




Fig. 15*, — Scars from egg deposition of Telamona on aspen. 
About natural size. Photo by Fivaz. 

Carynota marmorata (Say). 

Cranberry Lake, July 26, 1917. 

Telamona declivata Van Duzee (Figs. 15 and 16). 

This species has been noted as quite common on willows and 
might be considered an economic species if the willows were of 
greater commercial value. Cranberry Lake, July 11; Aug. 4, 
1917. 

Telamona barbata Van Duzee ('Fig. 17, a, b and c). 

The specimens referred to here agree closely with description 
by Van Duzee, except that the marking are more profuse. 

Telamona reclivata Fitch. 

Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. A single nymph which may very 
probably belong to this species was taken from poplar. 



30 



New York State College of Forestry 



Telamona coryli Fitch. 

Wanakena, July 15 and Aug. 12, 1920 ; beaten from Corylus. 




Fig. 16. — Telamona declivata Fitch : a, adult (side view); 
o. Outline of nymphal skin; c, Outline of head from above. 

Publilia concava (Say). 

A common, often abundant species of wide range but not taken 
here except at the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Campylenchia latipes (Say). 

Cranberry Lake, Sept. 15, 1917, July and Aug., 1920. Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. Very common, especially where leguminous plants 
furnish appropriate food. 




f—^ 



Fig. 17. — Telamona barbata Van D.: a, adult (side view); 
b, Outline of nymph; c, side view; d, outline of head from above. 



Enchenopa binotata (Say). 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Microcentrus caryae (Fitch). 
Cranberry Lake, July 11, 1917. 



Homoptera of Cranherry Lake Region 31 

Family CICADELLIDAE 

Agallia novella (Say). 

Taken especially in undergrowth of trails and along tote roads 
and probably feeds on quite a varied list of food plants. State 
Forest Camp, Barber Point, July 3, 1920. Adults, collected at the 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Agallia 4=punctata Provancher. 

Much less common than the preceding species and probably 
somewhat limited as to food plants, occurring in woods near the 
trails. It has been recorded as common on cultivated crops but 
may be considered of practically no economic importance for this 
region. State Forest Camp, Barber Point (adults), July 3, 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Agallia oculata Van Duzee. 

A single specimen taken here appears to be distinctly identical 
with the form described as oculata, the common range of the 
species being south and into the tropical parts of the continent. 

Agallia sanguinolenta (Provancher). 

A common species where clover or other legumes occur. In 
other localities this species is of very distinct economic importance 
as it attacks cultivated crops, but in the Cranberry Lake region 
it is only found in the trails or tote roads where introduced grasses 
or clover furnish it a good basis. Most of the individuals cap- 
tured were rather small in size compared with the forms taken in 
other localities. Cranberry Lake in July and Aug., 1920. Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Idiocerus amabilis Ball (Plate I, Fig. c.) 

Quite common on willows, especially along Sucker Brook and 
in the East Flow on willows which overhang the water. Newly 
transformed adults are a brilliant yellow-green with golden luster. 
Head and pronotum brown with lighter marking; vertex solid 
green at sides, brown on central part except narrow whitish 
median stripe. The face for the upper part is like the vertex 
below the ocelli green. The antennae light green at base and 
the bristles dark ; underneath, except for the mesothorax, brilliant 
green. The tarsi whitish with the spurs and claws black. Cran- 
berry Lake, July 18-24, 1920. Wanakena, Ranger School, July 15 
and Aug. 12, 1920. 

Idiocerus formosus Ball. 

Taken along stream and probably feeds on willows. Cranberry 
Lake, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Idiocerus pallidus Fitch. 

Common on various species of willow and one of the most 
abundant forms upon this plart. It is apparently pot capable of 



32 New York State College of Forestry 

living on other food plants so that its economic importance is re- 
stricted to the value of the willow. State Forest Camp, July 2. 
Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Idiocerus suturalis Fitch (Plate I, Figs, a and b). 

Forest Camp, July 2, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. 
Wanakena, July 29 and Aug. 12, 1920. 

Idiocerus alternatus Fitch. 

Common on poplars and willows and one of the more abundant 
forms of the genus. This occurs over wide territory and in a num- 
ber of more or less distinct varieties. State Forest Camp, July 5, 
1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. 

Idiocerus subnitens Sanders and Delong. 

Numerous specimens, taken at Barber Point on willow, 1917, 
1919 and 1920. A few specimens were also collected on poplar, but 
Salix seems to be the preferred food plant. The insect was de- 
scribed from Wisconsin. 

Idiocerus lachrymalis Fitch. 

The nymphs of this species were quite abundant on aspen early 
in July. The adults appear later in the season so that the species 
may be counted fairly common and as it is most abundant upon 
the aspen its injury may be considered as limited to the latter tree. 
The egg punctures in the twigs and smaller branches occasion large 
swellings and distortions and no doubt weaken the limbs so that 
they are easily broken. State Forest Camp, July 2, 1920. Grasse 
River, July 22, 1920. 

Idiocerus provancheri Van Duzee. 

While this species has been taken on plants away from bogs in 
other regions, all of our specimens here have been from bog plants 
and this seems to be its restricted habitat, the special plants on 
which it occurs being Viburnum or Cassandra. This species is not 
abundant but a number of specimens have been taken at different 
points. State Forest Camp, July 5, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 
1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Macropsis viridis (Fitch). 

This is perhaps the most abundant of the genus and is found on 
almost every willow, that is, during the time they are in season, 
July and August. State Forest Camp, July, 1920. Grasse River, 
July 22, 1920. 

Macropsis sp. 

Cranberry Lake, 1920. 

Macropsis basalis (Van Duzee) (Plate I, Figs, e, f and g). 

This occurs in two distinct varieties (var. basalis), one in which 
the deep marking of the wings is limited to the base and the other 



Uomopicra of Cranberry Lake Region 33 

(var. fumipennis) there are either two distinct bars or the entire 
wing is dark sinolsy or brown. The two forms occur on the same 
trees (willows and aspen), and, in so far as could be noted, the 
varied specimens develop from identical larvae. Upon further 
rearing of the individual it would be desirable to confirm this point. 
They are so plentiful on aspen that they may be counted injurious. 
State Forest Camp, July 3, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Macropsis canadensis (Van Duzee) (Plate I, Fig. d) . 

Taken on the willow, especially in the lower ground along region 
of lake or brook, but less abundant than some of the other species. 
Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, July 13, 1920. 

Oncopsis variabilis (Fitch) (Plate I, Figs, i and j). 

This is an extremely variable species and occurs in several dif- 
ferent forms, the most abundant one being bright yellow with 
black strips along the claval suture. Its common food plant ap- 
pears to be yellow birch, also white birch, and it has been taken in 
dense woods as well as along the margins of thickets of the forest. 
State Forest Camp, Barbers Point, Julv, 1920. Grasse River, 
July 22, 1920. Wanakena, July 29, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Oncopsis sobrius (Walker). 

This species is evidently common on the yellow birch and while 
this may not be its only food plant, it would seem to be the common 
one. But the species is less abundant than in Maine and does not 
rank with one or two of the other species of the genus as a forest 
pest if we may judge by its occurrence during the present season. 
Cranberry Lake, June 30, 1919. 

Oncopsis cognatus (Van Duzee) (Plate I, Fig. h). 

Specimens placed here were collected at Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 
1917. A number of other specimens collected at Barber Point 
from yellow birch, July 13-24, 1920, seem to agree structurally 
with this form but are quite uniformly cinnamon brown in color. 
They may constitute a variety or possibly a distinct species but it 
is desirable to have more biological data before multiplying species 
in this extremely variable genus. 

Oncopsis fitchi Van Duzee (Plate I, Figs, k and I). 

Very abundant on a variety of plant-hosts, especially birch, and 
apparently the most important species of the genus. Its attacks 
result in a drain upon the plants and egg punctures of this species 
are noted so abundantly on some trees as to become injurious. 
State Forest Camp, July 2, 1920. 

Oncopsis pruni (Provancher) . 

Very few specimens have been referred to this species and these 
appear closely related to fitchi. Barber Point, July 17, 1920. 
2 



34 



New York State College of Forestry 




Plate I. 

a, Idiocerus suturalis Fitch; b, Idiocerus suturalis — nymph; c, Idio- 
cerus amabilis Ball; d, Macropsis canadensis Van Duzee; e, Macropsis 
basalis — female; /, M. basalis — female genitalia; g, M. basalis — 
female; h, Onocopsis cognatus Van Duzee — female; i, Onocopsis 
variabilis Fitch — female ; ;', 0. variabilis — female genitalia ; k, Ono- 
copsis fitchi Van Duzee ; I, 0. fitchi — nymph last instar. 



Oncopsis minor (Fitch). 

Apparently one of the common forms on yellow birch but not 
easily separated from fitchi. Barber Point, July 9, 10, 13 and 
Aug. 2, 1920. 

Oncopsis nigrinasi (Fitch). 

State Forest Camp, Barber Point, July 5, 1920. 



Tlomopiera of Cranberry Lake Region 35 

Oncometopia lateralis (Fabricius). 

This species has a very wide range, occurring' from Canada to 
the southern U. S. and infesting a great variety of plants. It lives 
in a great variety of habitats. At Cranberry Lake it was taken in 
the Plains region of the low ground along streams and on the hill 
tops, but occurred in greatest abundance at the " French Camp," 
Wanakena (Aug. 12, nymphs and adults were taken in large num- 
bers). These were secured by sweeping grass and apparently the 
species was feeding in this location although possibly they may 
have developed on herbaceous plants in the immediate vicinity. 
Cranberry Lake, Sept. 15, 16, 1917; (nymphs and adults) July 28, 
1920. Nymph-Plains, Aug. 3, 1920, and one adult Aug. 12, 1920. 
Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Cicadella gothica (Signoret). 

Abundant in woods and along road-sides or trails on various 
plants. Doubtless a common feeder on many shrubs and trees in 
the forest association. Young nymphs abundant Aug. 6, Barber 
Point. Cranberry Lake, July 3, Aug. 5 and Sept. 15, 1917 : 
July 2-14, 1920; (adults Aug. 1, 1917; (nymphs) Julv 15-31.1920! 
Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920 (nymphs and 
adult) . 

Helochara communis Fitch 

Usually very abundant in low places on Juncus which is prob- 
ably its most common food-plant, although it may occur in other 
vegetation, especially in the adult stage. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 
10, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Graphocephala coccinea (Forst.). 

Abundant in low vegetation in woods, especially in moist fern 
covered areas. Probably a general feeder on the plants of this 
association. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 5, 1917 (adult). State Forest 
Camp, Julv 2-10 (nvmphs), Julv 24 (adults), 1920. Buck Island, 
Aug. 9, 1920. Wanakena, Aug/l-7, 1917 ; Aug. 12, 1920. Wana- 
kena, July 29, 1920 (nymphs and adults ). Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Draeculacephala mollipes (Say). 

This very common and abundant species, which ranges all the 
way from Canada to Central America occurs on a variety of 
grasses but usually in dry or moderately moist locations. In the 
forest it is found along trails, tote-roads and streams. Cranberrv 
Lake, July 2, 3, 6, 23 and 26, 1917 ; Julv 2, 1920. Grasse River. 
July 22, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Draeculacephala manitobiana Ball. 

This species has been taken along with the preceding in swamp 
meadows but it was the most abundant in the large swamp meadow 
of the Grasse River where it occurred on Carex oligospermia which 
(it would seem) must be the food plant for the young as well as 



36 



New York State College of Forestry 



the adults. Barber Point. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Wana- 
kena, July 15; Aug. 12, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Draeculacephala noveboracensis (Fitch). 

Abundant in the swamp meadows both at Barber Point and 
Grasse River. Perhaps the most common of the species occurring 
in this habitat and feeding upon some of the coarse grasses as 
Calamagrostis. Such plants must furnish their food supply as 
the nymphs are taken in the same locations and in large numbers, 
both nymphs and adults being found during the latter part of 
July and early August. Cranberry Lake, July 26, 1917 ; July 14, 
1920 (nymphs and adults). Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; Aug. 12, 
1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Evacanthus acuminatus (Fabricius). 

Taken only in the forest and generally associated with ferns 
but this is not its probable host plant.. Cranberry Lake, July 23. 
1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; July 29, 1920. Adults, Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. 

Gypona octo=Iineata (Say) (Fig. 18a, o, c, d and e) . 

This species has very extensive distribution over the IT. S. and 
Canada and occurs in a number of varieties which have been 
designated under different names. The ones most common in this 
region are the typical variety with distinctly reticulate wings, 
while the less reticulate forms are found more commonly in bogs 
or distinctly moist locations. A nymph taken on spruce with 




Fig. 18. — Gypona S-lineata Say: a, adult; b, female; c, male geni- 
talia; d and e, nymphs of later instars, probably 4tb and 5th. 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 37 

practically no other plants adjacent showed a striking resemblance 
to the color of the spruce leaves and also distinct marking of abdo- 
men, having two very distinct black stripes so arranged as to paral- 
lel the lines of the leaves upon which the insect would attach itself. 
The species in general evidently has a very wide range of food 
plants. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1 ; July 24, 1917. Buck Island, 
Aug. 9, 1920 (adult and nymph). Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; 
July 29, 1920; Aug. 12, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Acucephalus nervosus (Schrank). 

An abundant species on meadow grasses but not common in the 
stations collected. In Maine, especially in the cultivated fields, 
it is so abundant as to be recognized as of distinct economic impor- 
tance. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1, 6 and 31, 1917. Silver Brook, 
Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Acucephalus albifrons (Linnaeus). 

Taken at Barber Point close to the Camp where timothy and 
other grasses furnish an abundant support. This species has been 
found to feed on the crown of timothy and it occurs commonly 
so far below the surface that it is seldom taken in ordinary sweep- 
ing. In cultivated fields it assumes very considerable importance. 
Cranberry Lake. Aug. 1, 1917 ; Aug. 6 and 9, 1920. Wanakena 
(French Camp)', Aug. 12, 1920. 

Xestocephalus pulicarius Van Duzee. 
Wanakena (Bean Pond), Aug. 12, 1920. 

Xestocephalus nigrifrons Osborn. 

Wanakena (French Camp), Aug. 12, 1920. 

Parabolocratus viridis (Uhler). 

Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Parabolocratus major Osborn. 

This species has been taken elsewhere upon Calamagrostic cana- 
densis and as this grass occurs in the swamp meadows where it 
has generally been taken, it is probable that this has furnished 
its food in this locality. None have been taken except in the 
marsh meadows or similar locations. Cranberry Lake and Barber 
Point, July 3, 1919 (adult) ; June 9, 1920 (nymph). Wanakena, 
Aug. 1-7, 1917; July 15, 1920. Silver Brook, Julv 22, 1920 
(adult). 

Mesamia vitellina (Fitch). 

This species has been one of the most frequent captures of the 
less common forms and has been taken in sweeping maple and 
other undergrowth so that it has seemed probable that maple may 
be at least one of its principal foodplants. Nymphs associated 



38 New York State College of Forestry 

with these adults, and which resemble very closely those of Tham- 
notettex kennicotti, were thought to be the young of this species; 
and it is possible that the nymphs of the two forms are quite 
similar. One such nymph was kept in a cage and fed on maple 
leaves for about four weeks but it did not mature. Wanakena, 
Aug. 1-7 ', 1917; Aug. 12, 1920. Ranger School, July 15, 1920 
(adult). Grasse River, July 22, 1920 (adult). Plains, Aug. 3, 
1920. 

Scaphoideus auronitens Provancher. 
Nymphs, Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Scaphoideus scalaris Van Duzee. 

This is a very common species west but occurs quite rarely in 
this region, only one record having been made. Cranberry Lake, 
Aug. 1, 1917. 

Scaphoideus lobatus Van Duzee. 

TJsuallv taken on grasses in open wood. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1, 
1917. 

Scaphoideus productus Osborn. 

This appears to be about the most common species of the genus 
for this region, much more plentiful, if we can judge by our col- 
lection, than the following species which is the most abundant 
one for the countrv at large. Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, 
July 25, 28, 1917; Sept. 15, 1919. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; 
Aug. 12, 1920; (nymphs) July 15 and Aug. 3, 1920. Bear Moun- 
tain, Aug. 15, 1920. 

Scaphoideus immistus (Say). 

Taken very rarely, although it is by far the most common and 
generally distributed species of the genus in the U. S. It is taken 
on willows and grape and these are probably to be included among 
its host plants. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 5 and 10, 1917. 

Platymetopius acutus (Say). 

A common and very widely distributed species equally at home 
in open fields or forest, on low land or hill top, evidently having 
a great latitude of food plants. It is perhaps the most universally 
distributed of any species of leaf-hopper taken in this region, 
appearing in almost every sweeping for almost every habitat 
studied. Cranberrv Lake, Barber Point, July and Aug., 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Platymetopius acutus (Say) var. cinnamomeus Osborn. 

This variety appears to grade into the typical form, but nymphs 
which have been reared to this form seem to have a fairly distinct 
marking and, as such nymphs are most abundant in boggy loca- 
tions and seldom taken in higher altitudes, it would appear that 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 39 

there has been a fairly distinct separation of the form from the 
common stock. Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, July and Aug., 
1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Platymetopius cuprescens Osborn. 

Found in open grass covered places, usually the drier spots. 
Wanakena (Plains), Aug. 3, 1920. 

Platymetopius magdalensis Provancher. 

Found in boggy places, especially in the blueberry association. 
Cranberry Lake, Aug. 10, 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Deltocephalus productus (Walker). 

The food plant of this species must be the grass occurring on 
the high ridges, as the species has been taken only in such locations 
and along the plains where similar habitat occurs. It is very 
rare, few specimens having been taken, but very likely if its 
particular food plant were known a larger number could be 
secured. Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, Aug. 5, 1920. Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. (May be delector S. & D.) 

Deltocephalus delector Sanders and DeLong. 

Taken in company with D.. productus on grasses growing on 
rather high ridges. Barber Point, Aug. 5, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 
1920. 

Deltocephalus configuratus Uhler. 

An abundant species in grasses and widely distributed through 
the northern U. S. and Canada. Cranberry Lake and Barber 
Point, Aug. 1, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917: Aug. 12, 1920. 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Ranger School, July 15, 1920. 

Deltocephalus acus Sanders and DeLong. 

Barber Point, Aug. 9, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Deltocephalus ocellaris (Fallen). 

This form which appears to be related to Deltocephalus sayi 
has been taken on grasses, on " tote roads " and on the plains. 
It differs from D. sayi in being much broader, the head shorter 
and wider and especially by the ivory-yellow or whitish markings 
on the clavus. Cranberry Lake, Barber Point, July 13, 1920. 
Wanakena and Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Deltocephalus sayi (Fitch). 

This species is common in both open grass land and shaded 
grassy patches of forest. It is parasitized by Dryinids which 
doubtless serve as a considerable check to the multiplication of the 
species. Cranberrv Lake, July 6 and Aug. 5, 1919; July 2-15, 
1920. Wanakena, July 15 ; Aug. 12, 1920 ; Aug. 1-7, 1917. * Grasse 
River, July 22, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 



40 New York State College of Forestry 

Deltocephalus misellus Ball. 

This species has been taken in large numbers in a number of 
different localities and has apparently a rather wide range of food 
plants, although in Maine it was observed most abundantly upon 
the Canadian blue grass. It is subject to considerable variation 
in color, some of the forms being distinctly blackish while others 
are quite pallid. Cranberry Lake, July 2-30, 1920. Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. . 

Deltocephalus apicatus Osborn. 

This species appears restricted here and elsewhere through the 
state by the host plant, Panicum huachuchae. Cranberry Lake, 
Barber Point, Aug. 9, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Deltocephalus inimicus (Say). 

This species is one of the most injurious of the leaf-hoppers. 
Over cultivated meadows and pastures and throughout the dairy 
region it has a very considerable economic importance. While 
occurring on a large variety of grasses in the Cranberry Lake 
region, there is so little of the area devoted to agriculture that it 
may be considered of small importance. It is abundant in the 
grasses of the campus at the Summer Camp and Ranger School 
and in the forest around Wanakena, also in the Grasse River 
section. It is quite extensively parasitized, both nymphs and 
adults being noticed with parasites attached. Cranberrv Lake, 
Barber Point, Julv 1, 1920. Wanakena, July 15, Aug. 12, 1920. 
Ranger School, July 15, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Deltocephalus abdominalis (Fabricius). 

A common grassland species. Cranberrv Lake, July 26, 1917. 
Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; Aug. 12, 1920. Ranger School, 
July 15, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 
1920. 

Deltocephalus pascuellus (Fallen). 

Very common in grasslands and sufficiently abundant to be of 
distinct economic importance. Cranberry Lake, July 20, 1917. 
Wanakena, July 15 and 29, 1920; Aug. 12, 1920. Ranger School, 
July 15, 1920. 

Deltocephalus melsheimerii (Fitch). 

This species appears to be restricted for this area to a species 
of Bromus and occurred abundantly in the Plains, Aug. 3, 1920, 
and less commonly on Buck Island, Aug. 9, 1920, and the " French 
Camp " near Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Deltocephalus striatus (L.) (= affinis G. & B.). 

This species is very much less common than in the cultivated 
parts of the country where it is an abundant species in pastures 
and meadows. Cranberry Lake, July 5, 1920. 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 41 

Deltocephalus nominatus Sanders and DeLong. 

Cranberry Lake, July, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Wanakena, 
Aug. 12, 1920. 

Deltocephalus sylvestris Osborn and Ball. 

This has occurred as one of the most frequent species and in a 
variety of altitudes, but particularly in shaded or woodland grasses 
where it sometimes appears in very great abundance. It is quite 
extensively parasitized by dryinids. Cranberry Lake, July 28, 
1917 ; Aug. 1, 1920. ' Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1920. Ranger School, 
July, 15, Aug. 12, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. 

Deltocephalus flavo=virens Gillette and Baker. 

Cranberry Lake, Sept. 10, 19.17. Ranger School, July 15, 1920. 
Grasse River, July 22, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Deltocephalus nigriventer Sanders and DeLong. 

In nursery at the Ranger School and on fine grass near Wana- 
kena, July 15 and Aug. 12, 1920. 

Euscelis striolus (Fallen). 

This species is confined to the wet ground or boggy places 
adapted to certain coarse grasses to which the species seems 
restricted. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Barber Point, Aug., 1920. 

Euscelis extrusus (Van ljuzee). 

Evidently prefers rather dry locations, rocky ridges or mounds 
where some grasses furnish its food supply. Cranberry Lake, 
Barber Point, July 20, 1917; July 28, 1919; July 3, 17, 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Euscelis deceptus Sanders and DeLong. 

New to New York list. Wanakena (Ranger School), Aug. 12, 
1920. 

Euscelis uhleri (Ball). 

A rather rare species in this locality and of little economic 
importance. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Euscelis anthracinus (Van Duzee). 

This very black species is by no means abundant but taken 
largely in low ground, the borders of bogs and in tote-roads. 
Evidently living upon the small grasses that have worked into the 
forest habitat. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 10, 1917; July 3, 1920. 
Wanakena, July and Aug., 1920. 

Euscelis arctostaphyli (Ball). 

Reported as occurring, but evidently not common in this locality. 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 



42 New York State College of Forestry 

Euscelis humidus (Osborn). 

Apparently restricted entirely to the bog association and taken 
with the fine grasses which furnish its food support. Cranberry 
Lake, Barber Point, July, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Euscelis vaccinii (Van Duzee). 

Another bog species apparently restricted very closely to Cran- 
berry or possibly occurring on other plants of similar character. 
Barber Point, Aug., 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Euscelis instabilis (Van Duzee). 

Common in boggy situations. Cranberry Lake. Aug. 5 and 10, 
1917. Wanakena, Aug, 1-7, 1917 ; Aug. 12, 1920. 

Euscelis angustatus (Osborn). 

In low ground on bog grasses and quite evidently limited to the 
bog association. Cranberry Lake, Barber Point, July and Aug., 
1920. Grasse Eiver, July 22, 1920. 

Euscelis elongatus (Osborn). 

Apparently rare as only a very few specimens have been taken. 
It was described from Maine where it occured in similar boggy 
situations. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Euscelis comma (Van Duzee). 

Quite rare in this vicinity. Its food plant not noted but in Iowa 
it was taken on Elymus. Barber Point, July 5, 1920. Camp 
" tote road ". Ranger School, July 15 and Aug. 12, 1920. Sev- 
eral specimens, including long and short winged females taken 
near Bean Pond in tote-road on low grass. Grasse River, July 22, 
1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Euscelis curtisii (Fitch). 

This species is common throughout a large range of the country 
from Canada to the Carolinas. It is usually found in woodland 
tracts, generally where there is some moisture. Specimens have 
been taken at the camp in July and Aug., 1917 and 1920, also 
at various points in the higher ground around the "Ranger School 
on Aug. 15, 1920, and at the top of Bear Mountain, Aug. 15, 1920, 
and upon other elevated crests. The species is of some economic 
importance. 

Phlepsius decorus Osborn and Ball. 

This species favors wet ground grasses but often taken on hill- 
sides around springs or in wet spots. A conspicuous instance is 
the taking of specimens on a high ridge in a very small patch of 
coarse grass and sedge at Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1, 1917; Aug. 5, 
1920. 



ttomopiera of Cranberry Lake. Region 43 

Phlepsius maculellus Osborn. 

This species which has been very rarely observed, was described 
from a single male specimen taken in Maine. A single specimen 
was taken in 1917 (Barber Point) and a few specimens the present 
season, Barber Point, Aug. 11, 1920, appear to be all that have 
been collected. It is restricted to boggy areas and lives on one of 
the fine grasses of the bog association. Barber Point, 1917 ; 
Ang. 11, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Phlepsius irroratus (Say). 

This species is a very common one throughout the country on 
cultivated grasses and in meadows generally, but appears to be 
^•are in this region ; the only specimens taken are from the Grasse 
River, July 22, 1920, where there was an invasion of blue grass 
and timothy. 

Phlepsius apertus Van Duzee. 

This species seems to replace the preceding one in the northern 
or woods region as it is found very plentiful in Maine in locations 
where irroratus would seem to be the natural member. It was taken 
along the tote-roads and in meadows and where these grasses have 
any value it may be considered of economic importance. Cran- 
berry Lake, Sept. 15, 1917 ; Aug., 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Phlepsius fulvidorsum (Fitch). 

This is usually limited to the woodland associations but is taken 
in trails, roadways and on one occasion was taken at the Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920, in a trail near open land but probably associated 
with nearbv thickets. Barber Point, Aug. 1 and 18, 1917, and 
July, 1920.^ 

Phlepsius solidaginis (Walker). 

In this region the species has been taken only in the higher 
stations but in association with sedges and wet land grasses. In 
general it is found in swampy or wet land associations. Barber 
Point, Aug. 5, 1920. Wanakena (French Camp), Aug. 12, 1920. 

Thamnotettix kennicotti (Uhler). 

Both young and adult in this form have been frequently taken 
and while not absolutely sure as to all nymphs it seems to be one 
of the common species of the region. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1, 
1917 ; Aug. and July 28, 1919 ; reared Aug. 8, 1920 ; nymph com- 
mon, Aug. 10, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; Aug. 12, 1920. 

Thamnotettix cockerelli Ball. 

Heretofore recorded for Colorado and Maine. Swept at road- 
side probably from willow as its host plant in Maine was found 
to be ISalix rostrata. The species is new to New York State list. 
Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 



44 New York State College of Forestry 

Thamnotettix morsei Osborn. 

A single specimen of this species has been found, and its associa- 
tion is not known. Barber Point, Aug. 1, 1917. 

Thamnotettix eburatus Van Duzee. 

Only one locality, east from Barber Point, Aug. 11, 1920, is 
noted for this species and it is evidently qujte rare. Its food 
plant is evidently the sweet gale as no other plant has been recog- 
nized in connection with it. 

Thamnotettix belli (Uhler). 

This is a northern and western species and not heretofore 
recorded for New York State. It has been recognized as most 
abundant in the Rocky Mountains. It occurs especially in wood- 
land on undergrowth and this is considered as its definite habitat. 
Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1, 1917. Wanakena, Julv 15, 1920. Grasse 
River, July 22, 1920. 

Thamnotettix belli var. brunneus Osborn. 

This variety was described from Maine and has the same general 
association as the preceding species but differs particularly in the 
coloration. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Thamnotettix waldanus Ball. 

This is an inhabitant of the deep woods and has been found only 
on undergrowth in a dense forest and must be considered as 
restricted to this association. It was taken Aug. 29, 1920, 
especially among ferns but where maple seedlings and some other 
plants were present and it was hard to be certain of food plant. 

Thamnotettix chlamydatus (Provancher) 

This species has usually been taken on the borders of thickets or 
forest and was found along a woodland roadway on underbrush 
but its food plant is not definitely known. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Thamnotettix pallidulus Osborn. 
Cranberry Lake, July 17, 1920. 

Thamnotettix cypraceus Osborn. 

Differs from the typical form in lacking the tawny stripes on 
head and pronotum. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Thamnotettix melanogaster (Provancher). 

This is a very common species throughout the eastern part of 
the U. S. and found in patches of sedge or swamp grasses. Sedges 
are probably the usual host plant. Cranberrv Lake, Barber Point, 
Julv and Aug:. Grasse River, Julv 22, 1920. 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 45 

Thamnotettix ciliatus Osborn. 

Like other species of this group in the genus the species occurs 
in boggy places on sedge or coarse grasses. It is seldom taken 
but very likely occurs in abundance on a certain host plant at the 
proper season. Cranberry Lake (Hedgehog Pond), Aug. 11, 1920. 
Wanakena (Ranger School), Aug. 12. 1920. 

Thamnotettix decipiens Provancher. 

Common on marsh grass and sedges. The nymphs appear in 
late July and the adults in August and September, often in great 
abundance. Cranberry Lake. Aug. 1 and Sept. 15, 1917; July 30, 
1920 (nymphs); Aug." 11 1920 (adults). Plains. Aug. 3, 1920 
(nymphs). Bear Mountain, Aug. 15, 1920. 

Thamnotettix smithi Van Duzee. 

This species seems to be much less abundant than melanogaster 
to which it is closely related. It occurs in low ground and in 
marsh upon grasses and sedges; it may be restricted to a certain 
species of food plant and consequently not often collected. 

Thamnotettix placidus Osborn. 

Fairly common though not abundant on marsh grasses am l 
sedges of swamp meadow. Cranberry Lake. Aug;. 1, 1917; July 28, 
1919 ; July 30, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7. 1917. Plains, Aug. 3. 
1920. 

Chlorotettix unicolor (Fitch). 

This form has been taken at many different locations and may 
be considered as one of the important species of the region ; its 
occurrence on grasses is sufficient to make it of economic impor- 
tance where these grasses have any value. Both young and adults 
live upon the grasses of the swamp meadows and form one of the 
most conspicuous features of these associations. Cranberry Lake, 
July 24 and 28. 1919; Aug. 5 and Sept. 15, 1917. Wanakena, 
Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains. Aug. 3, 1920. Grasse River, July 22, 
1920. 

Chlorotettix lusorius (Osborn and Ball). 

This species occurs in mixed grasses and sedges and so far as 
observed here prefers the higher locations but where there is con- 
siderable moisture and shade. It is too rare to be of economic 
importance. Barber Point. Aug. 5, 1920. Bear Mountain, 
Aug. 15, 1920. 

Cicadula variata (Fallen). 

Found only in wet shady woods on Impatient hi flora which is 
apparently its restricted host plant, at least for the nymphal stage. 
Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1, 1917; Aug. 10, 1920. Wanakena, 
Aug. 1-7, 1917. 



46 New York State College of Forestry 

Cicadula 6-notata (Fallen). 

This is one of the most widespread and abundant of the leaf- 
hoppers occurring- throughout northern Europe and a large part 
of North America, feeding upon a great variety of grasses, includ- 
ing among the others oats and cereal crops. In cultivated areas 
the species has a very distinct economic importance. It has been 
found pretty plentiful on the wild grasses as well as blue grass 
and timothy of the camp sites and vicinity. Cranberrv Lake, 
July 3 and 6, 1919; Aug. 1, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; 
July 15, 1920; Aug. 12, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Cicadula pallida Osborn. 

Has been taken very infrequently and only in bog associations 
where sphagnum and other distinctly bog plants occur. Cran- 
berry Lake and Barber Point, Aim". 10, 1920. Wanakena, 
Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; Aug. 12, 1920. 

Cicadula slossoni Van Duzee. 

This species occurs in immense numbers and may be collected 
in boggy places. Wanakena and Ranger School, July 15 ; Aug. 12, 
1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Balclutha punctata (Thunberg). 

Cranberrv Lake, July 3, 6 and 25, 1919 ; Aug. 5, 1917 ; June 9 
and Julv 23, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917: Aug. 12, 1920. 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Balclutha impicta Van Duzee. 

This is by no means as common as the preceding species and 
is distinguished from it simplv by the absence of spots. Wana- 
kena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Alebra albostriella (Fallen). 

This occasionally appears in large numbers on forest trees but 
has not been found abundant especially during the present season. 
Cranberry Lake, July 20. 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Dicraneura cruentata Gillette. 
Wanakena, July 15, 1920. 

Dicraneura mali (Provancher). 

This is a meadow species, but it has not been found abundant 
in this region of Cranberry Lake. 

Dicraneura fieberi (Loew). 

Occasionally found in abundance on low-ground grasses and in 
some cases possiblv sufficientlv to be serious. Cranberrv Lake, 
July 6, 1917; Aug. 1, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 



Homoptcra of Cranberry Lake Region 47 

Empoasca smaragdula (Fallen). 

A common species in woodland, especially on poplars and wil- 
lows. Cranberry Lake and Barber Point, on poplar, July 3, 1920. 

Empoasca aureoviridis (Uhler). 

A very abundant form on willows and poplars, often so abun- 
dant that it must cause a considerable loss in the growth of the 
plant. Cranberrv Lake, July 6, 7, 1917 ; Aug. 4, 1919. Wanakena, 
Aug. 1-7, 1917. " Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Empoasca atrolabes Gillette. 

A very abundant widely distributed species on Alder. Also 
taken on Corylus at Ranger School, Julv 15, 1920. Cranberry 
Lake and Barber Point, July 25, 1917 ; July 15-30, 1920. Wana- 
kena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Empoasca coccinea (Fitch). 

Very abundant on white pine and apparently limited to this 
tree except as occasionally adults have been taken on other plants 
in the same vicinity. Evidently of economic importance. Cran- 
berry Lake, Aug. 8, 1917 ; July 8, 1919 ; July 8, 1920. Wanakena, 
July 29, 1920, on white pine in virgin forest. 

Empoasca flavescens (Fabricius). 

A very widely distributed species in Europe and U. S., especially 
through southern states. Our specimens were taken at Wanakena 
(Ranger School), Aug. 12, 1920, in sweeping brush along trail. 

Empoasca birdii Goding. 

Has been taken but rarely and its association has not been 
definitely placed. Cranberry Lake, July 5, 1917. 

Eupteryx vanduzei Gillette. 

Abundant on ferns, especially in shady woodland and a con- 
spicuous member of the deep woods association; it has not been 
observed in more open land. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; July 29, 
1920 (deep woods on fern association). 

Eupteryx flavoscuta Gillette. 

Commonly taken by sweeping ferns either in low-land bogs or 
hill forest and deep woods, undoubtedly feeding on fern. Cran- 
berry Lake, July 20 ; Aug. 5, 1917 ; July 5, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 
1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917; July 29, 1920 (abundant in 
deep woods). 

Eupteryx nigra Osborn. 

This form has been merged as a variety under flavoscuta by 
MeAtee and there are fairly good connecting forms but it is pos- 
sible to find quite as complete intergradations with vanduzei; both 



48 New York State College of Forestry 

forms seem to have well marked differences in habitat but not in 
host plant. Wanakena, July 29, 1920, in deep wood on fern 
associations. 

Typhlocyba querci (Fitch). 

This species was described from oak, but it has a wide variety 
of host plants and in this region it must survive entirely on other 
species as the oaks are absent. It is sufficiently abundant to cause 
a definite drain upon the trees affected and does not seem to have 
any close limitations and habitat as it may be taken at various 
levels on birch and other trees. Cranberry Lake, July 25, 1917 ; 
July 10, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; July 15, 29, 1920. 

Typhlocyba querci var. bifasciata Gillette and Baker. 

This variety, like the previous species, appears to have a wide 
range of food plants but has been noted as even more abundant 
than the species above. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 1, 1919 ; July 2, 
25, 1920 (adult) ; Aug. 13, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Typhlocyba lethierryi Edwards. 

This has been taken only twice and is probably quite rare. 
Cranberry Lake, Barber Point, Aug. 5, 1920. Wanakena, July 29, 
1920. One specimen (Wanakena), probably to be placed here, 
has distinct black dot on inner cross nervure. 

Typhlocyba tenerrima (Her rich- Schseffer) . 

Very rare, as only a very few specimens have been found, but 
these have been collected in the woodland associations, generally 
where there is considerable moisture. Cranberrv Lake, July 25, 
1917; July 12, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Typhlocyba rosae (Linnaeus). 

This is a very abundant species on roses throughout the country ; 
it occurs in this region on different forest trees but never in great 
abundance. The species is apparently capable of living in varied 
conditions although limited to thickets or woodlands where it has 
both shade and moisture. Barber Point, Aug. 13, 1920. Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. 

Typhlocyba comes var. comes (Say). 

Taken only rarely and then from trees along tote-roads. Barber 
Point, Aug. 5, 1920. 

Typhlocyba comes (Say) var. 
Cranberry Lake, July 18, 1917. 

Typhlocyba commissuralis. 

Cranberry Lake, July 30, 1920. 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



49 



Typhlocyba obliqua (Say). 

This species has been taken from a variety of trees but the 
nymphal stage has been observed only on fire cherry, which may 
be considered as at least one of its host plants. It is hardly 
abundant enough to be counted of much importance. Cranberry 
Lake, Aug. 1, 1917. Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917 ; Aug. 12, 1920. 
Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Typhocyba obliqua var. noevus Gillette. 
Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Typhocyba obliqua var. 

Cranberry Lake, June 9, 1920. 

Family FULGORIDAE 

Scolops sulcipes (Say). 

This is a common species in meadow associations of eastern 
United States but only one capture has been recorded for this 
region. The Plains, Aug. 25, 1920. 

Elidiptera slossoni Van Duzee. 

Breeds in dead (rotten) spruce and white pine; a more detailed 
account of this species is given under life history. Barber Point, 
1917. Proulx's Lumber Camp, July 18, 1920. 

Cixius misellus Van Duzee (Fig. 19, b). 

Like the preceding species this insect occurs in the forest asso- 
ciations especially among conifers and its nymphal stages are 
probably associated with such trees. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 6, 
1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Wanakena (Ranger School), Aug. 
12, 1920. 







i 
m 



Fig. 19. — a, Cixius pini F L; ~b, Cixius mesellus Van D 



V 



50 



Nciv York State College of Forestry 



Cixius pini Fitch (Fig. 19, a). 

Found among conifers especially spruce and usually in places 
where the spruce is bordered by boggy conditions. It seems prob- 
able that the larvae may be limited to some of the conifers for 
their support. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 2, 1917. Grasse River, 
July 22, 1917. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. Ranger School, Aug. 12, 
1920. 

Bruchomorpha oculata Newman (Fig. 20, l) and c). 

This appears to be the most abundant species of the genus for 
this region and was taken in greatest abundance on the campus 
of the Summer Camp. Cranberry Lake, July 29-30, 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 




Fig. 20. — Bruchomorpha oculata Newman: a, adult; b, nymph; 
c. Otiocerus coquebertill Kirby — side view of adult. 



Aphelonema histrionica (Stal.). 

This has been taken most " commonly in connection with the 
plants associated with the snowberry but probably the fine grasses 
of the bog association furnish its food supply. Cranberry Lake 
and Barber Point, Aug. 10, 1920. Wanakena, Aug. 12, 1920. 

Otiocerus coquerbertii Kirby. 

This appears to be quite rare in this region as only a very few 
specimens have been taken. Barber Point, July 20, 1917. "Wana- 
kena, Aug. 12, 1920 (Fig. 20, a). 



Homoptera of Cranberry Lake Region 51 

Laccocera vittipennis Van Duzee. 

This is a very common form in swampy regions and was taken in 
greatest abundance at the Plains in the areas where there has evi- 
dently been little change of conditions for a long lapse of time. 
The food plant is probably some of the fine grasses but no particu- 
lar species has been determined. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Stenocranus dorsalis (Fitch). 

Common to wide extent of eastern United States, but apparently 
much less common here than the following species. Barber Point, 
July 25, 1917. 

Stenocranus felti Van Duzee. 

Common to the northern woodlands where open sedge-covered 
spots are found. Cranberry Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Kelisia axialis Van Duzee. 

Usually rather rare and found on sedge in lowland or swampy 
places. Barber Point, Aug. 17, 1919; Aug. 13, 1920. 

Pissonotus dorsalis Van Duzee. 

Taken at lower levels in grassy places. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 
Barber Point, Aug. 1, 1917. 

Pissonotus ater Van Duzee. 
Barber Point, 1920. 

Liburniella ornata (Stal). 

This handsome little species was taken in small numbers in low 
grass lands. Cranberry Lake, July 5, 1920. Plains, Aug. 3, 1920. 

Liburnia pellucida Fabricius. 

A cosmopolitan species common to grass lands especially in more 
humid localities, but taken only rarelv in this region. Plains, 
Aug. 3, 1920. 

Liburnia puella Van Duzee. 

This is one of the smallest species of the group, but often occurs 
in large numbers. It is confined to grassv, moist locations. 
Barber Point, Aug. 6, 1920. 

Liburnia campestris Van Duzee. 

An abundant species of wide range and no doubt a source of 
loss in meadows and pastures. Cranberry Lake, June 9, 1920. 
Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Liburnia lutulenta Van Duzee. 

A common widely distributed species. Barber Point and 
Wanakena, 1920. 



52 



New York State College of Forestry 



Family APHIDIDAE 

This large and exceedingly important family has been given less 
attention than some of the other families, partly because the most 
important species have received extended investigation, partly due 
to the effort to clean up details of life history for some of the 
destructive but little known species in other families. No attempt 
has been made to collect the species occurring in the Cranberry 
Lake region. 

The group is of remarkable interest on account of its unusual 
mode of reproduction, its enormous rate of multiplication and the 
many puzzling phases of its attacks on different hosts, seasonal 
migrations, alternate hosts, etc., which cannot be taken up in detail 
within the limits of this paper. 

Ecologically, they may be characterized as uniformly plant 
feeders. Most of the species, practically all for this region, attack 
leaves, twigs or smaller branches. They multiply so rapidly and 
form such large colonies that the drain on the plant from the 
constant sucking of sap frequently results in wilting or withering 
of plant infested. Such species as the Pine chermes, Alder blight 




Fig. 21. — Alder blight, Pemphigus tesselata: a, much en- 
larged; b, about natural size. Photo by Drake and Fivaz. 



Ilomopiera of Cranberry Lake Beg ion 53 

and Beech blight become very conspicuous on account of the forma- 
tion of great quantities of cottony or wooly covering, the waxy 
filaments being secreted by special wax-glands of the dorsal part 
of the body (mainly located on back of abdomen). 

One of the ecologic associations of special interest is found in 
the very frequent, almost universal, presence of ants attending the 
colonies of aphids, the ants utilizing the "honey dew" secretion 
from the aphids as food. The numerous predaceous and parasitic 
insects assisted by spiders and birds destroy immense numbers of 
plant lice and thus the enormous reproductive powers of the aphids 
are counterbalanced and kept down to such an extent that the 
plants on which they feed have some show of survival. 

Hormaphis papyraceae lives on willow birch and corresponds 
well with the description of gall by Oestlund. The galls consist 
of a distinctly corrugated structure between the leaf veins and con- 
tains numerous dark brown or black aphids. Callipterus oetu- 
laecolens (alate individuals, and various sizes of nymphs and wing- 
less adults) were found in some of the galls occurring on yellow 
birch leaves, but more commonly entirely independent of the galls 
and evidently in the galls by accident. 

Family CHERMIDAE 

These interesting little insects form a quite conspicuous element 
in the insect fauna of the Cranberry Lake region, especially Psyllia 
floccosa, trimaculata on fire cherry, and carpinicola, apparently on 
numerous host plants, being taken in immense numbers. All the 
species are leaf feeders, living on the under surface of the leaves. 
The common gall making species occurring on hackberry trees are 
wanting here as the host plant does not occur. 

A very striking feature is presented in the white cottony masses 
covering the bodies of the nymphs in P. floccosa on alder and 
P. 3-maculata on fire cherry. The latter form may be counted 
as destructive and merits a more detailed study of life history 
and ecology for economic reasons. 

Aphalara veaziei Patch. 

Cranberry Lake, July 5, 1920; June 9, 1920. 

Trioza nigrilla Crawford. 

This species is widely distributed and a fairly common species 
on willows. Cranberry Lake, Aug. 4, 1919. 

Psyllia striata (Patch.) 

I refer here a very abundant species occurring commonly on 
yellow birch, but as adult found on a wide variety of plants. 
Nymphs with small flocculent covering have been noted on birch 
leaves, but I have not verified the connection. Evidently very 
close to carpinicola. Cranberry Lake, July 2-25, 1920. 



54 New York tit ate College of Forestry 

Psyllia carpinicola (Crawford). 

The species occurs in great abundance and a great variety of 
trees, but was especially plentiful as adults on yellow birch, white 
pine and fire cherrv. Barber Point and Cranberry Lake, July 8, 
14 and 28, 1919; July 8-25, 1920. 

Psyllia floccosa Patch. 

Cranberry Lake, Barber Point, Plains, Childwold and Ranger 
School in abundance on alder. Agrees with description of floccosa, 
especially in genitalia. No nymphs with flocculent covering seen 
on alder at camp, but these may have matured before my arrival. 
The Ranger School specimens were taken in alder clump on rocky 
hillside which was very moist during July and August, 1920. 

Psyllia 3=maculata Crawford (Figs. 42 and 43). 

A very abundant form on great variety of plants in adult stage. 
Nymphs, the flocculent form, are very abundant on Primus 
pennsylvanica. The adults have more or less varying shades of 
yellow to red on thorax (trimaculata — see life history notes). 



HETEROPTERA IN THE VICINITY OF CRANBERRY LAKE 

By Carl J. Drake 

Family SCUTELLERIDAE 
Homaemus aeneifrons (Say) (Fig. 22, b) 

This insect is the most common species of the ScuteUeroidea 
occurring in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake. Nymphs and adults 
have been taken during June, July, August and September, but 
most of the immature forms attain the adult state before Sep- 
tember. The species is quite generally distributed, but it is by far 
more abundant in the neighborhood of low marshy meadows and 
swamps. Van Duzee (I. c, p. 548) states that the insect is very 
generally distributed and common in the Adirondacks where there 
were low, marshy spots with carices intermixed with swampy 
grasses. He took an adult upon a species of Scripus on the sum- 
mit of Cobble Hill. 

This scutellerid is quite variable in both size and color. The 
color varies from pale yellow or dull to quite dark or blackish 
forms. The dull or glossy or pale color-forms are often more or 
less variegated with fuscous or black, thus giving the insect a 
marbled appearance. The size ranges from 6.5 mm. to 9.5 mm. 
in length. 

Eurygaster alternatus (Say). 

Four specimens, taken at Wanakena and Barber Point near a 
grassy bog in an old burn. Osborn collected a specimen while 
sweeping in the Grasse River Bog. 



Heteropiera of Cranberry Lake Region 55 

Family CYDNIDAE 

Thyreocoris ater (Amyot and Serville). 

Two specimens : Barber Point and Wanakena, July, 1920. 

Thyreocoris pulicarius (Germar). 

One specimen, taken on grass, July 30, at Wanakena in an old 
burn. 

Sehirus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois) (Fig. 22, a). 

Barber Point, Wanakena and the Plains. This insect is not 
uncommon and feeds upon weeds growing in small open areas. 
Specimens have been collected during June, July, August and 
September. 




Fig. 2< 



a ^ h 

a, Homaemus aeneiforns (Say) ; h, Sehirus cinctus P. B. 



Family PENTATOMWAB 

Sciocoris microphthalmias Flor. 

Eight specimens, taken during July and August while sweep- 
ing grasses and rank weeds at Barber Point and Wanakena. I 
have very carefully collated the specimens with a male and female 
in the late Puton's collection (from Paris Museum) and find the 
American specimens identical with European examples determined 
by the late Puton. This seems to be the only record for New York 
State. The insect has been recorded for Ontario, New Hampshire, 
Maine, Michigan and Minnesota. 

Peribalus limbolarius Stal. 

One example, collected at the Plains, July, 1920. 



56 New York State College of Forestry 

Chlorochora uhleri Stal. 

Crataegus Hill at Barber Point and Plains during August, 1920. 
This is not a common species in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake. 

Mormidea lugens (Fabricius). 

Common: Barber Point, Wanakena and the Plains during 
July, August, and September, 1917, 1919, and 1920. Numerous 
specimens were observed breeding and feeding on mullein, 
Veroascum Thapsus Linn, at the Forestry Camp. Many examples 
were also collected while sweeping various herbaceous plants. 

Euschistus euschistoides (Vollenhoven). 

Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer. This insect 
seems to be a general feeder upon many herbaceous plants and 
sometimes on birch, beech and poplar trees. It hibernates in the 
adult state. The eggs are frequently parasitized by a small 
hymenopterous parasite. 

Euschistus tristigmus (Say). 

This is the most common pentatomid in the vicinity of Cran- 
berry Lake and is found during the entire summer. It is a gen- 
eral feeder upon herbaceous plants and also frequently breeds on 
trees (white and yellow birch, ironwood, poplar, beech and maple). 
Adults and nymphs have also been collected on the blossoms of 
wild spiraea (Spiraea lalifolia Borkh.). Several adults were 
taken bearing tachinid eggs, but the parasite failed to develop in 
the laboratory. Hymenopterous parasites have reared from its 
eggs. 

Euschistus variolarius (Polisot de Beauvois). 

Wanakena and Barber Point, July and August, 1919 and 1920. 
Not common. 

Coenus delius (Say). 

One adult and several large nymphs were collected while sweep- 
ing grasses and weeds in a semi-marshy place near a small stream 
in the Plains during the last week of July, 1920. 

Neottiglossa undata (Say). 

Common: Barber Point, Wanakena, Conifer and the Plains 
during June, July and August, 1920. It is found on herbaceous 
plants. 

Cosmopepla bimaculata (Thomas). 

Common on weeds and rank vegetation. Adults and nymphs 
were noted at various times during the summer feeding on mullein. 

Thyanta custator (Fabricius). 

An adult and several nymphs were collected at the Plains, 
Crataegus Hill and Barber Point, 1920. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



57 



Point, Wanakena, Plains, Crataegus 



Banasa dimidiata (Say). 

Very common: Barber 
Hill, and Conifer. Adults and nymphs have been found on yellow 
birch, beech and also on various herbaceous plants. The eggs are 
frequently parasitized by a small hymenopterous parasite. 



Meadorus lateralis (Say) (Fig. 23, b). 

This is largely a tree-inhabiting species. Specimens have been 
observed depositing eggs on yellow birch and beech at Barber 
Point during June, July, and August. The winter is spent in 
the adult state. My records indicate two generations a year dur- 
ing the summers of 1919 and 1920. 

Nymphs and adults were taken in the tops of large yellow birch 
trees (felled for catkins while studying the insects affecting re- 
production of yellow birch) in the vicinity of Barber Point during 
July, August and September, 1920, by Mr. Eric Johnson and the 
writer. In some very tall trees many nymphs, representing three 
or four instars, and adults were feeding on the leaves and catkins. 
Adults were also reared from eggs and nymphs (taken from the 
tree tops) on catkins placed in glass breeding cages in the in- 
sectary. M. lateralis, although sometimes taken while sweeping 
herbaceous plants, is primarily a tree-inhabiting species. It also 
breeds on white birch and beech trees. 




Fig. 23. — a, Aradus quadrilineatus Say; b, Meadorus lateralis (Say) 



58 New York State College of Forestry 

Elasmotethus cruciatus (Say). 

Barber Point and Wanakena, August, 1917, 1919, and 1920. 

Elasmostethus atricornis (Van Duzee). 
Barber Point, August, 1920. 

Mineus strigipes (Herrich-Schaeffer). 

Four examples, collected at Barber Point, July 19 and 26, 1920, 
and one specimen at Wanakena, August 1, 1917. 

Perillus circumcinctus Stal. 

Two examples, Wanakena, July 30, 1917, and two specimens at 
Barber Point, August, 1920. 

Perillus exaptus Say, var. d Van Duzee. 

A single specimen of this variety was taken while sweeping rank 
vegetation near a small stream in a semi-aquatic place in the 
Plains, August, 1920. Van Duzee lists var. d. from Colorado and 
Washington. The typical form is a widely distributed species, 
extending from Vancouver to Quebec and southward to Colorado, 
New Mexico and New Jersey (fide Van Duzee). 

Podisus serieventris TJhler. 

Abundant : Barber Point, Plains, Wanakena, Floating Island, 
Buck Island and Conifer, June, July, August and September, 
1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Podisus modestus (Dallas). 

Common: Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains, June, July, 
August and September, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Podisus placidus Uhler. 

Several specimens : Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, June, 
July and August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Podisus maculiventris (Say). 

Barber Point and Wanakena, 1917, 1919 and 1920. Osborn 
found a specimen on yellow birch feeding upon a frog-hopper, 
C last opt era obtusa (Say) and the writer took a specimen on a 
willow tree with its beak impaled in a lampyrid beetle. 

Family COREIDAE 

Protentor belfragei Haglund (Fig. 24, a). 

This specimen seems to be more or less locally distributed in 
small, grassy areas, but frequently abundant in these habitats. 
Wanakena (on an open grassy hill side at "French Camps"), 
Barber Point and Plains, July, August and September, 1917, 
1919 and 1920. This is the most common coreid taken in the 
vicinity of Cranberry Lake. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



59 




Fig. 24. — a, Protentor belfragei Haglund; b, Lygaeus kalmii var. 
august omarginatvs Parsh. 

Alydus eurinus (Say). 

Two specimens : Barber Point and AVanakena, July, 1919 and 
1920. 

Alydus conspersus Montadon. 

Several specimens: Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains, 1917, 
1919 and 1920. 

Corizus crassicornis (Linnaeus). 

Numerous specimens: Barber Point, Wanakena and the Plains 
during July and August, 1917, 1919, and 1920. 

Corizus lateralis (Say). 

Two specimens, collected at Barber Point, July 1, 1920. 

Family ARADIDAE 

Aradus quadrilineatus Say (Fig. 23, a). 

Several specimens: Two adults and a few nymphs, represent- 
ing three instars, were found under the bark of a decaying beech 
log at Barber Point during July by Osborn ; one specimen between 



60 New York State College of Forestry 

the crevices of the bark of a recently felled yellow birch tree, 
Barber Point, August, 1919 » Mr. Fivaz took two specimens on the 
window of the insectary, June 27, 1920. 

Aradus robustus Uhler. 

One specimen, taken on a yellow birch log, July 19, 1919. 

Aradus ornatus Say. 

One specimen, collected on the window of the insectary, July 20, 
1920. 

Aradus similis Say. 

Common, Barber Point and Wanakena. This insect breeds in 
the crevices of the bark of dead spruce and hemlock. Eggs, 
nymphs and adults were taken during the summers of 1917, 1919 
and 1920. 

Aradus similis centriguttatus Bergroth. 

Taken with the typical form on spruce and hemlock, Barber 
Point, 1920. 

Aradus tuberculifer Kirby. 

Barber Point, July 24, 1917 ; taken about noon as the insect 
happened to alight on the side of a tent. 

Aradus lugubris Fallen. 

Several specimens, taken on the windows of the insectary during 
July, 1919 and 1920. One specimen collected on a yellow birch 
log at Barber Point, June 25, 1919. 

Aradus lugubris var. nigricornis Renter. 

Taken with the typical form on the windows of the insectary at 
Barber Point. 

Aradus abbas Bergroth. 

Barber Point, June 17 and July 26, 1919; collected on a tent 
at camp. 

Aradus proboscideus Walker. 

Three adults and many nymphs, taken in the crevices and 
beneath the bark of an old dead spruce tree at Barber Point (in 
Beaver Meadow), July 9, 1917. 

Aradua niger Stal. 

Several specimens collected by Mr. Hide and the writer on a 
pine log at Barber Point, July 10, 1917. 

Aneurus inconstans Uhler. 

Barber Point, June and July, 1919. One specimen was found 
on an old yellow birch log, near the Beaver Meadows, June 26, 
1919, 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 61 

Aneurus simplex Uhler. 

Many specimens, taken at Barber Point beneath the loose bark 
of a small dead beech tree, July 20, 1917. Fivaz found a specimen 
on a spruce log, at Barber Point, July 22, 1920. Numerous speci- 
mens were taken on the windows of the insectary at various times 
(of the days) during the summer of 1920. 

Family NBIDIDAE 

Neides muticus (Say). 

Several examples, taken at Wanakena, Barber Point and Plains 
during July and August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Family LYGAEIDAE 

Lygaeus kalmii Stal subsp. angustomarginatus Parshley 
(Fig. 24, 6). 

Common on the ground at Barber Point during July and 
August, 1919 and 1920. A couple of specimens were also collected 
at Wanakena, August, 1920 {fide Parshley). 

Ortholomus longiceps (Stal). 

Very common in open areas on rank grasses and weeds at the 
Plains and on Big Floating island during July and August, 1920. 
Several specimens: Wanakena, July and August, 1917. 

Nysius thymi (Wolff). 

Common : Wanakena, Barber Point and the Plains, June, July 
and August, 1919 and 1920. 

Nysius ericae (Schilling). 

Common: Barber Point and Wanakena, July and August, 
1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Ischnorrhynchus geminatus (Say) (Plate 11, Fig. g). 

Very abundant, especially in swampy and marshy areas ; Barber 
Point, Wanakena, Conifer Plains and "Big Floating island." 
Numerous specimens were also found during July and August, 
1919, on the tops of large yellow birch trees. Specimens were 
bred from both yellow and white birch catkins in breeding stages 
during July, August and September, 1919, by Mr. Eric Johnson 
and the writer. 

Cymus luridus Stal. 

Barber Point and Wanakena during July, 1917. 



«7 ' 



Cymus angustatus Stal. 

Very abundant during June, July and August, 1917, 1919 and 
1920, at Barber Point, AVanakena and the Plains. The insect was 
collected by sweeping grasses and herbaceous plants. 



62 



Neiv York State College of Forestry 



Cymus discors Horvath. 

Common during the entire summer : Barber Point, Wanakena, 
Plains and Conifer. Most of the specimens were taken in open 
areas on rank vegetation and in swampy places. A few specimens 
were collected on Salix spp. 




Plate II. 

a, Tetraphleps osborni, n. sp.; b, Anthocoris ? sp. ? c, Asthenidea 
temnostethoides Rent.; d, Triphleps insidiusus Say; e, Anthocoris 
bor-ealis Dall.; /, A. borealis, last instar; g, Ischnoshynchus gemi- 
natus Say; h, Eremocoris ferus (Say). 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 6:] 

Geoeoris bullatus (Say). 

Barber Point, July, 1917. 

Geoeoris uliginosus (Say). 

Several specimens, collected in open areas at the Plains, July, 
1920. 

Geoeoris uliginosus lateralis Fieber. 

Wanakena, August 12, 1920, in the "old burn" back of the 
Ranger School. 

Phylegas abbreviatus (Uhler). 

Four specimens, taken at the Plains, August 2, 1920. 

Oedancala dorsalis (Say). 

Wanakena, July, 1917, sweeping weeds and grasses. 

Crophius disconotus (Say). 

Numerous specimens, sweeping rank vegetation in open areas 
at the Plains, August, 1920. 

Myodochus serripes Oliver. 
Wanakena, July, 1917. 

Ligyrocoris diffusus (Uhler). 

Very common in open areas: Barber Point, Plains, Wanakena 
and Conifer during the summers of 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Ligyrocoris contractus (Say). 

This insect, like L. diffusus Uhl., could always be found on 
herbaceous plants in open areas at Barber Point, Plains, Conifer 
and Wanakena. 

Perigenes constrictus (Say). 

One specimen, collected at the Plains, August 29, 1920. 

Antillocoris pallidus (Uhler). 

One specimen, Wanakena, Aug. 1-7, 1917. 

Stygnocoris rusticus Fallen. 

Two specimens, Barber Point, August 1, 1917. 

Eremocoris ferus (Say) (Plate 11, Fig. h) . 

Four specimens on yellow birch, Barber Point, July 21, 1919. 
One specimen, July, 1917, beneath the loose bark of a balsam 
stump at Wanakena. The latter specimen had just moulted and 
was not fully colored at the time of capture. Two specimens were 
taken at Conifer (September, 1917) beneath the loose bark of an 
old yellow birch stump by Mr. Johnson and the writer. 



64 



Neiv York State College of Forestry 



Family P1ESMWAE 
Piesma cinerea Say. 

One example, taken "in flight," Barber Point, July, 1919, at 
noon in the mess hall, by Mr. Marquardt. 

Family TINGITIDAB 
Corythucha pergandei Heidemann. 

Common on alder, taken at Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena 
during the entire summer. This species spends the winter in the 
adult state; there are two generations a year in the Adirondacks. 

Corythucha bellula Gibson. 

Common on alder, but not taken in the same association with 
heidemanni. Barber Point and Wanakena, June, July and 
August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Corythucha marmorata Uhler. 

Not common, swept from weeds at Barber Point, July, 1920. 

Corythucha mollicula Osborn and Drake (Fig. 25, c and d). 

Common on various species of willow, but not as abundant as 
elegans Drake. Barber Point, Plains, Conifer and Wanakena dur- 
ing the entire summer. This insect also hibernates during the 




Fig. 25. — a and b (lateral view of hood and medina carina), 
Corythucha elegans Drake; c and d (lateral view of hood and 
median carina) , Corythucha mollicula 0. & D. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake 'Region 65 




Fig. 26. — Eggs of Gorythucha elegans. Plioto by Drake. 

winter in the mature state. Salicis Osborn and Drake and cana- 
densis Parshley are synonyms of this species. It is very variable 
in size and somewhat in color. 

Corythucha elegans Drake (Fig. 25, a and b ; Fig. 26, eggs). 

Taken on Salix spp. at Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and 
Conifer. This species and the following, C. pallipes Parshley, are 
by far the most abundant species of Heteroptera living in the 
vicinity of Cranberry Lake. It is not uncommon to find the leaves 
of badly infested trees greatly discolored and almost entirely 
destroyed by their feeding punctures. Elegans also hibernates 
in the adult state. The nymphal stages are represented by five 
instars and there are two generations a year at Barber Point. The 
eggs are laid in irregular rows on the ventral side of the leaves 
along either or both sides of the principal veins. The nymphs 
feed in clusters during the early stages. Occasionally the species 
breeds on poplars, Popidus tremuloides Michx. and Populus 
grandidentata Michx. A few seedings of the large-tooth poplar 
were very badly infested during the past summer, 1920, at Barber 
Point, but willow seems to be the preferred food-plant. Antho- 
coris borealis and the larvae of a lace-wing fly. Chrysopa sp. 
were observed preying upon this insect in the field. 

Corythucha pallipes Parshley (Plate IV, Fig. 44). 

This insect is usually found in immense number on yellow 
birch in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake. It also breeds on white 
birch, beech, ironwood and occasionally on mountain ash and hard 
3 



66 Neiv York State College of Forestry 

and soft maple. C. hetulae Drake and C. cyrta Parshley are 
synonyms of this species. The life history of pallipes is discussed 
in another paper in this bulletin. 

Galeatus peckhami Ashmead (Plate V).* 

About 200 specimens, taken upon aster, Aster macrophyllus, 
and boneset, Eupatorium sp. at Barber Point (summit of Cratae- 
gus Hill) during the last week of July and August, 1920, by Dr. 
Osborn and the writer. The life history of this insect is also dis- 
cussed in another paper herein. 

Melanorhopala clavata Stal. 

Several specimens, taken near a small stream on tall weeds at 
the Plains during the latter part of August, 1920. 

Family REDUVUDAE 

Reduvius personatus (Linnaeus). 

. One specimen, collected at Indian Mountain House, near Barber 
Point, by Mr. Leland Slater, 1920. 

Sinea diadema (Fabricius). 

Common: June, July, August and September at Barber Point, 
Wanakena, Conifer, Childwold and the Plains, 1917, 1919 and 
1920. 

Family CIMICIDAE 

Cimex lectularius (Linnaeus). 

This pest is sometimes very common in old houses, hotels and 
lumber camps. Its ability to undergo long fasts frequently 
enables the insect to maintain itself in camps and dwellings not 
inhabited during the entire year. It is sometimes a serious pest 
in lumber camps in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake, the crevices 
between the logs offering a very favorable hiding and breeding 
place. While riding on the train between Conifer and Cranberry 
Village the writer found a specimen crawling about on a seat in 
the day coach. 

Family ANTHOCORIDAE 

Asthenidea temnostethoides Eeuter (Plate II; c, adult). 

Two specimens, collected at Barber Point, Sept. 16, 1917, and 
August 5, 1920. Van Duzee gives its habitat as Illinois {-fide 
Barber). 

Anthocoris borealis Dallas (Plate II; e, adult, and /, nymph in 
last instar). 
This preditor is a common in eastern United States and Canada. 
My records indicate that it is primarily a tree-inhabiting species 
and preys largely upon leaf-feeding insects. It shows a decided 
preference for deciduous leaf -destroying insects and seems to be 



See footnote, p. 105. 



II etc ropier d of Cranberry Lake Begion 67 

by far most common on willow. Many adults and nymphs, repre- 
senting three or four instars, were collected on Salix spp. during 
the summers of 1917, 1919 and 1920. Adnlts have been observed 
in the field with their beaks impaled in Corythucha elegans Drake, 
C. molUcula 0. & D. and C. pallipes Parshley. The writer has 
also found the insect in the egg-galleries of several bark beetles 
(Ohio Journal Science, Vol. XXI, pp. 201-206, 1921), but it 
does not seem to breed or normally live there. Field observations 
during the summers of 1919 and 1920 show only one generation 
a year, the first adults beginning to emerge about the middle of 
July. Only the larger nymphs and adults were collected during 
the latter part of the summers. 

Anthocoris sp. (Plate II; b). 

This peculiar and very interesting insect was only taken in 
the nymphal stages. It lives largely in the burrows of bark and 
ambrosia beetles or in the crevices and beneath the scales of the 
bark of coniferous trees, particularly spruce. It is rarely found 
in the galleries of Ipidae in hardwoods. Specimens (Drake, Ohio 
Journal of Science, Vol. XXI, pp. 201-206, 1921) have been found 
in the burrows of Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby, Dryocoetes piceae 
Hopkins, Dryocoetes americana Hopkins, Orthotomicus caelatus 
Eichlr., Trypoclenclron bivittatum Kirby, Ips pini Say, Pityogenes 
hopkinsi Swaine, Trypoclenclron betulae Swaine, Anisandrus 
obesus Le Conte and Xyloterinus politus Say. Four distinct 
nymphal stages were found in the burrows of Polygraphus rufipen- 
nis, Dryocoetes americana and Orthotomicus caelatus in spruce 
logs that had been felled during the previous winter (1919). Only 
very young nymphs, probably the second and third instar were 
found during the latter part of May and forepart of June; later 
in the summer only the large nymphs were collected. Nymphs, 
probably in the last two instars, were placed in breeding cages at 
Barber Point and then carried to Syracuse about the first of 
September. These specimens were fed small insects, but they all 
died before they reached the mature state. Records seem to indi- 
cate that the adult state is probably found during the late fall. 
Numerous specimens taken in the field about the first of September, 
1920, were mostly in the last instar. The insect is undoubtedly 
an important enemy of both bark and ambrosia beetles, also other 
small and very young larvae of wood-destroying insects. In the 
breeding cages the nymphs readily feed upon small larvae and 
insects, also upon dead larvae and dead insects. 

Tetraphleps osborni n. sp. (Plate II; d) . 

Head, thorax and abdomen dark piceous and shining. Abdomen 
beneath dark piceous sometimes slightly tinged with reddish brown, 
the pubescence sparse and grayish. Hemelytra brown or dark 
brown, with greater part of embolium and cuneus lighter; mem- 
brane smoky, usually with pale streaks following the nervures. 
Pubescence fine, slightly curled, pale. Antennae dark brown, the 



£>8 New York State College of forestry 

second segment lighter; third and fourth segments subeqnal in 
length; second segment equal to the first and third conjoined, the 
first slightly more than half the length of the third. Legs with 
basal portion of femora and tarsi dark brown to nearly black, the 
rest lighter. 

Pronotum with explanate margins narrow, distinctly and roundly 
emarginate on the posterior border, distinctly and transversely 
rugulose on the collnm and basal portion, a smooth somewhat 
crescent-shaped area just back of the collum, the pubescence gray- 
ish, fine and mostly prostrate. Rostrum reaching between the 
middle coxae. Head quite sparsely pubescent, its length distinctly 
longer than its width (diameter through eyes). Male gental 
claspers curved. Length 3.2 — 3.45 mm. ; width 1.15 — 1.27 mm. 

Numerous specimens, taken on white pine trees, at Barber Point, 
Wanakena and the Plains during July, August and September, 
1917, 1919 and 1920. The male is a little more slender than the 
female. This insect seems to feed largely upon the. leaf -feeding in- 
sects of conifers, particularly white pine, Pinus strdbus. Nymphs 
and adults could be found at all times during the summer upon the 
pine trees but only larger nymphs and adults during the latter 
part of the season. There is only one generation a year. The 
insect has been bred from the burrows of Cryptorhynchus lapathi 
by the writer (1. c, p. 203). I am indebted to Dr. H. M. Parshley 
for kindly comparing this insect with his types of T. concolor and 
T. americana. 

Triphleps insidiosus (Say) (Plate II; a). 

This is a common species in the family. It is a grass- and an 
herb-inhabiting insect, especially common in open grassy areas. 
It is also predaceous and adults have been reported as feeding 
upon eggs as well as nymphs and adults of other insects. Barber 
Point, Wanakena, Conifer, and Plains, June, July, August and 
September, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Family MESOVELUDAE 

Mesovelia mulsanti White. 

Common, collected at Bean Pond, Cranberry Lake, and other 
small ponds and lakes in the vicinity of camp. It prefers quiet 
waters containing an abundance of aquatic plants. Both apterous 
and macropterous forms were taken, the wingless individuals being 
the most numerous. Its life history and habits have been described 
by Hungerford (1. c, pp. 101-105). 

Family NABIDAE 
Pagasa fusca (Stein). 

Barber Point, July and August, 1919. 

Nabis subcoleoptratus Kirby. 

June, July and August, 1917, 1919, and 1920, collected at Wana- 
kena, Barber Point, , Conifer and Plains. This preditor occurs 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



69 



mostly in the wingless forms and feeds largely upon the insects 
living on herbaceous plants. One alate individual was taken by 
the writer on some semiaquatic plants in the Plains. 

Nabis limbatus Dahlbom (Fig. 27, a). 

This insect is especially abundant upon rank vegetation growing 
in swamps, bogs and semiaquatic places. June, July, August and 
September at the Plains, Barber Point, Wanakena and Conifer. 




V V 
Fig. 27. — «•, Nabis limbatus Dahl; b, Nabis refusculits Reuter. 

Nabis ferus (Linnaeus). 

Common, but never taken in large numbers like the preceding 
or two following species. This insect prefers open grassy areas 
and feeds largely upon grass-destroying insects. Osborn states 
that it is an important enemy of the Meadow Plant-bug, Miris 
dolobrata, in Maine. Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains, 1919 
and 1920. 

Nabis roseipennis Reuter. 

Very common (long- and short -winged forms) at Barber Point, 
Plains, Conifer and Wanakena during June, July, August and 
September, 1917, 1919 and 1920. Roseipennis inhabits the deep 
woods, lumbered tracts, and " burns " but seems to prefer more 



70 New York State College of Forestry 

or less open areas along trails and tote-roads. It feeds almost 
entirely upon grass- and herb-inhabiting insects. 

Nabis rufusculus Keuter (Fig. 27, b). 

Barber Point, Conifer, Plains and Wanakena, summers of 1917, 
1919 and 1920. This species, like the preceding, is very common 
(both long- and short-winged forms) in the vicinity of Cranberry 
Lake and lives in a great variety of habitats, but seems to be more 
at home in the somewhat open areas along the trails and tote- roads. 
Numerous specimens were also collected on huckleberry bushes in 
bogs at Barber Point and Wanakena. In the latter habitat it was 
also taken with N. limhatus. Eggs of rufusculus were observed 
in the stems of asters (Aster macrophyllus) on crest of Crataegus 
Hill, Barber Point, 1920, by the writer. These asters were badly 
infested by aphids, a tingid and a small mirid. Rufusculus and 
the other species of nabids listed above are preeminently wander- 
ing, grass- or herb- or very low shrub-inhabiting species and preys 
upon the insects found on these plants. They are rarely taken, 
and perhaps never breed, upon tall shrubs or trees. 

Family MIRIDAE 
Collaria meilleurii Provancher. 

Very common, especially in small open areas upon rank vegeta- 
tion. Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer during the 
latter part of June, July, August and September. 

Collaria oculata (Keuter). 

Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, taken in company with 
C. meilleurii, but not in such large numbers. 

Miris dolobrata (Linnaeus). 

Very abundant in open dry grassy areas, especially along the 
trails in the old burned over areas. Barber Point, Wanakena and 
Plains during June, July and August. The winter is spent in the 
egg stage and the young nymphs are often very numerous on 
grasses, especially timothy, in the forepart of June: The life his- 
tory and habits of this insect, commonly called the ' ' meadow plant- 
bug," has been published by Osborn in Journ. Agr. Kesearch, 
Vol. XV, No. 3, pp. 172-201. 

Stenodema trispinosum Renter. 

Barber Point, Wanakena, P]ains and Conifer, June, July and 
August. At Barber Point this insect was quite common on tall 
grasses and weeds along the trails and in the Beaver meadow. 

Stenodema vicinum (Provancher). 

Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer, collected in com- 
pany with S. trispinosum and T. ruficornis. 

Trigonotylus ruficornis (Geoffroy). 

Several specimens, taken at 3arber Point, Plains and Wanakena. 



Hei erupt era of Cranberry Lake Region 



71 



Trigonotylus pulcher Reuter. 
Barber Point, July 20, 1917. 

Teratocoris paludum Sahlberg. 

This palaearctic species was collected by Osborn in the Grasse 
River Bog, near Conifer, July 22, 1920. 

Platytylellus insitivus (Say). 

Barber Point, July, 1920. 

Platytylellus rubrovittatus (Stal). 

Several specimens, taken during July and August in the Beaver 
Meadow and bog at Barber Point. 

Platytylellus sp. 

Barber Point, July 5 and 13, 1920. 

Platytylellus nigricollis Renter. 
Barber Point and Conifer, July and August, 1920. 

Neurocolpus nubilus Say. 
Barber Point, July, 1920. 

Mimoceps gracilis Uhler. 

Sweeping weeds at Barber Point and the Plains in July. 




Fig. 28. — a, Phytocoris lasiomerus Reuter; b, Macrotylus sex- 
guttatus Prov. 



72 New York State College of Forestry 

Phytocoris lasiomerus Reuter (Fig. 28, a). 

Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, July and August. Speci- 
mens were taken on Scdix and also bv sweeping weeds at Barber 
Point. 

Phytocoris pallidicornis Renter. 

Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena. 
Phytocoris cortitectus Knight. 

A male, taken at 'Barber Point, July 20, 1921. 
Phytocoris eximius Reuter. 

Wanakena, August 12, 1920. 

Phytocoris salicis Knight. 

t ®\® aUx > B arber Point, August 12, 1920, and Wanakena, 
July 24; on yellow birch, in the burned over tract at Barber Point 
July 24, 1920. 

Phytocoris erectus Van Duzee. 
Wanakena, August 12, 1920. 

Phytocoris fulvus Knight. 

Common on white pine during July and August at Barber Point 
and Wanakena. 

Adelphocoris rapidus Say. 

Very common on numerous herbaceous plants, especially in open 
areas The insect is found throughout the greater part of the 
United States and Southern Canada, often becoming a rather 
serious pest upon a number of cultivated plants. Barber Point, 
Wanakena, Conifer and Plains during the entire summer A 
female, taken at the Plains, August 25, has a black head like some 
of the western varieties. 

Stenotus binotatus (Fabricius). 

Several specimens, taken at Barber Point, Wanakena, Conifer 
and Plains during July and August. 

Garganus fusiformis (Say). 

Barber Point, July and August, 1920-1921. 
Poeciloscytus unifasciatus (Fabricius). 

Barber Point and Wanakena, July, 1917 and 1920. 
Poeciloscytus venaticus Uhler. 

Very common along the trails and tote-roads in the burns at 
Barber Point and Wanakena during the entire summer. 

Horcias dislocatus (Say). 

Barber Point, July, 1920. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 73 

Horcias dislocatus affinis (Renter). 

Sweeping grasses and weeds at Wanakena, August 1-7, 1917, 
and Barber Point; August 12, 1920. 

Horcias dislocatus limbatellus (Walker). 

Taken along the old tote-road in the burned over track, Wana- 
kena, August 1-7, 1917. 

Peocilocapsus lineatus (Fabricius). 

Common in open areas during the summers of 1917, 1919 and 
1920. Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains. Specimens have been 
taken on the blossoms of wild spiraea, Spiraea lati folia Borkh. 
in the old burn, beaver meadow and cut-over areas at Barber Point. 

Capsus ater (Linnaeus). 

Very abundant on grasses and weeds in open places along the 
tote-roads and trails. Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains dur- 
ing the summers of 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Coccobaphes sanguinarius Uhler. 

Several specimens, collected at Barber Point, Wanakena and 
Plains. Most of the specimens at Barber Point were found on 
striped maple and mountain ash. 

Lygidea mbecula (Uhler). 

Several examples, Barber Point, July and August, 1919 and 
1920. 

Lygidea rubecula obscura Renter. 

Many nymphs and adults on Salix spp. Barber Point, Wana- 
kena, and Plains, July and August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Platylygus luridus (Renter). 

Barber Point and Wanakena during the later part of June, July 
and August. The insect was found breeding on white pine at 
Barber Point. 

Lygus pratensis oblineatus Say. 

Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, 1917, 1918, 1920. This 
insect is very common and feeds on a great variety of plants. 

Lygus vanduzeei Knight. 

Very common, taken at Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, 
1917, 1919 and 1920. This species hibernates in the adult state 
and breeds largely on golden rod. Adults have been found feed- 
ing on the blossoms of Spiraea at Barber Point. 

Lygus vanduzeei rubroclarus Knight. 

Common at Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena duing the sum- 
mers of 1917, 1919 and 1920. This species is also common on the 
blossoms of spiraea and meadow rue. Adults have been taken 
on Salix spp. and golden rod. 



74 New York Si/aie College of Forestry 

Lygus plagiatus Uhler. 

Sweeping weeds along the old tote-roads and trails at Barber 
Point and Wanakena during June, July and August. 

Lygus pabulinus (Linnaeus). 

Wanakena, Plains and Barber Point during June, July and 
August. The insect lives in cool moist places and Knight 
(1. c, p. 597) records the species breeding on touch-me-not, Impa- 
tiens biflora. The winter is spent in the adult state in Finland. 
Knight states that Crosby found a female hibernating beneath 
the bark of a tree in November in Cayuga county, and he also 
believes that it is quite probable that the species also passes the 
winter in the egg stage in the dried stems of the host plant. 

Lygus approximates Stal. 

Wanakena and Barber Point, July and August, 1917. Knight 
took many adults on Salidago macrophylla near the summit of 
Whiteface Mountain, New York. 

Lygus fagi Knight. 

Breeds on yellow birch and beech. Barber Point, July and 
August, 1920. It prefers cool, shady locations and the eggs hatch 
in early spring. Adults were also found on maple at Barber 
Point. 

Lygus atritylus Knight. 

A very common insect on Salix spp. in moist, shady situations. 
Nymphs were very abundant on willow during May and early 
June and the adults and larger nymphs during the latter part of 
June, July and forepart of August. Barber Point and Wanakena, 
1919 and 1920. 

Lygus alni Knight. 

Barber Point and Wanakena. Breeds on alder (Alnus incana) , 
yellow birch (Betula lutea). Adults have also been swept from 
tialix spp. Winter is spent in the egg stage and adults are found 
during the latter part of June, July and August. 

Lygus parshleyi Knight. 
Barber Point, July 23, 1917. 

Lygus communis Knight. 
Barber Point, July and August, 1917. 

Lygus belfragii Renter. 

Barber Point and Wanakena, July and August, 1917 and 1920, 
on mountain ash (Acer spicatum) and striped maple (Acer penn- 
sylvanicum) . Knight records the insect upon viburnum aceri- 
folium, Cornus alternifolia, Conium maculatum and also Acer 
spicatum. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Eegioi 



to 



Lygus hirticulus Van Duzee (Fig. 29, h) . 

Breeds on beech and yellow birch. Common. Barber Point, 
Plains and Wanakena during June, July and August. The winter 
is passed in the egg stage and only young nymphs were observed 




Fisr. 29. — a, Deraeocoris borealis Van D.; b, Lygus hirticulus Van D. 



in early spring. Knight records the species from chestnut, beech 
and woodbine in New York. 

Lygus canadensis Knight. 

Breeds on hazelnut, Corylus rostrata Ait., taken near the old 
"French Camps" at Wanakena, Jnly and August, 1917 and 1920. 
This is the first record for New York State. 

Lygus ostryae Knight- 
On ironwood (Ostrya virginiana), Barber Point, July 5, 1920. 

Neoborus amoenus (Keuter). 
Barber Point, July, collected on white ash, Fraxinus americana. 

Neoborus pubescens Knight (Fig. 30, a). 

Very abundant on white ash seedlings and saplings in the 
vicinity of Crataegus Hill at Barber Point during June, July and 
August, 1919 and 1920. This insect lives in shady places and 
feeds almost entirely on the very young trees. It occurs in large 
numbers and the leaves are greatly discolored from feeding punc- 
tures. On the upper surface of the leaves the feeding marks show 



76 



New York IS laic College of Forestry 

1 1 




\ 



[fecomma gilvtpes Sin!; L, Neoborus pubescens Knight. 



up as small, conspicuous whitish areas (frequently very many 
spots close together) and on the under side they are of a yellowish 
or brownish color and much less prominent. 

Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler). 

Barber Point, July 19, 1920. Plains, July 25, 1920. 

Deraeocoris borealis (Van Duzee) (Fig. 29, a). 

Several specimens, collected at Barber Point during July and 
August, on beech yellow and white birch, Salix pp., maple and 
alder. This insect is largely predaceous and feeds upon plant lice. 
It also sucks up the droppings of "honey dew" of the aphids. 
On yellow birch we found it living in the woolly aphid, colonies, 
that cause the curled or wrinkled leaves. Its color greatly resem- 
bles that of the woolly aphids during its nymphal instars. Osborn 
took an adult feeding on a large nymph of a cercopid, Closliptera 
dbtusa, on yellow birch at Barber Point. 

Deraeocoris pinicola Knight. 

Very common on white pine, Pinus strobus, at Barber Point, 
during June, July and August, 1919 and 1920. Specimens are 
also at hand from Conifer, Plains and Wanakena. The latter 
specimens were probably swept from larch, and spruce. 

Deraeocoris laricicola Knight. 

Taken on larch, Grasse River Bog, by Osborn. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 11 

Deraeocoris fasciolus Knight. 

Wanakena, July 1-7, 1917, Barber Point, July 26, 1920. 

Monalocoris filicis (Linnaeus). 

Barber Point, Plains, and Wanakena, June, July and August, 
1919 and 1920. 

Hyaliodes vitripennis (Say). 

Several specimens. Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains during 
June, July and August. Adults were swept from yellow birch and 
beech at Barber Point. 

Dicyphus agilis (Uhler). 

Sweeping ferns. Barber Point and Wanakena, July and August. 
1917 and 1920. 

Dicyphus famelicus Uhler. 
Barber Point, August 1, 1917. 

Dicyphus vestitus Uhler. 

Sweeping ferns in shady places at Barber Point and Wanakena, 
July and August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. Specimens are also at 
hand from Conifer and Wanakena. 

Macrolophus separatus (Uhler). 

One female, taken at Wanakena, July 15, 1920. 

Labops hirtus Knight. 

Numerous short -winged and a few long-winged forms, taken on 
grasses and weeds at Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer 
during June, July and August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Strongylocoris stygicus (Say). 

Many specimens swept from grasses and weeds in small open 
areas. Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains during June, July 
and August. 

Pilophorus amoenus Uhler (Fig. 31, a, 1) and c). 

Collected on Salix spp., yellow birch, beech, maple, and white 
pine, also sweeping herbaceous plants. This is common during 
June, July and August and is probably predaceous. 

Ceratocapsus modestus (Uhler). 
Wanakena, August 1-7. 1917. 

Ceratocapsus pumilis (Uhler). 

Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena, July and August, 1917 and 
1920. Specimens were swept from willow and grasses at Barber 
Point. 



78 



New York State College of Forestry 




Fig. 31. — Pilophorus ameenus Uliler: a, adult; b and c, nymphs. 



Lopidea media (Say). 

Very common. Barber Point, Wanakena, Plains and Conifer. 
Specimens were taken on Salix, maple, blossoms of spiraea, and 
also by sweeping various grasses and weeds at Barber Point. 

Diaphnidia pellucida Uhler. 

On Salix spp., beech and yellow birch at Barber Point, July and 
August, 1917 and 1920. Breeding on hazelnut, Corylus rostraia. 
Wanakena, June, July and August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Diaphnidia provancheri (Borque). 

On beech and yellow birch. Barber Point, August, 1920. 

Diaphnidia capitata Van Duzee. 

Beech and yellow birch. Barber Point, June and July, 1919 
and 1920. Very common and breeds on hazelnut in company with 
D. pellucida at Wanakena during June, July and August, 1917. 
1919 and 1920. 

Reuteria irrorata (Say). 

Cranberry Lake, August, 1917. 

Orthotylus viridis Van Duzee. 
Barber Point, July, 1920. 

Orthotylus transhicens Tucker? 

On vellow birch. Barber Point, July 24, 1920. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



79 



Orthotylus dorsalis (Provancher) . 

Common and breeds on Salix spp. Barber Point, Plains and 
Wanakena, July and August, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Orthotylus catulus Yan Duzee. 
Wanakena, August 1-7, 1917. 

Ilnacora malina (Uhler). 

Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains. Very common during the 
summers of 1917, 1919 and 1920. 

Mecomma gilvipes (Stal) (Fig. 30, a, female). 

Common in somewhat shaded, moist areas upon rank vegetation. 
Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains during June, July and 
August. 
Macrotylus sexguttatus (Provancher) (Fig. 28, b). 

Barber Point, Wanakena and Plains during June, July and 
August, The insect was found breeding on aster, Aster acumma- 
tus, at Barber Point, during July and August, 1920. 

Lopus decolor (Fallen). 

Common. Barber Point, Wanakena, Conifer, and Plains during 
July and August. 

Psallus n. sp. 

Several specimens, taken at Wanakena, Plains and Barber Point 
during July and August, 1920. 

Rhinocapsus vanduzeei Uhler. 

Very common on rank vegetation along the trails at Barber 
Point, Wanakena and Plains during June, July and August. 

Plagiognathus politus Uhler. 
Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena during July and August. 

Plagiognathus annulutus Uhler. 

Barber Point during July and August, 1920. 

Plagiognathus fuscosus Provancher. 

On yellow birch. Barber Point, August, 1920. 

Plagiognathus chrysanthemi (Wolff). 

Several specimens, taken while sweeping weeds in the old burn 
near the Ranger School, Wanakena, July 15, 1920. 

Plagiognathus fraternus Uhler. 

Conifer, Barber Point and Wanakena during July and August. 
1920. 
Plagiognathus sp. T. 

Wanakena and Barber Point, July, 1920. 



80 New York State College of Forestry 

Plagiognathus sp. II. 

Wanakena and Barber Point, July and August. 

Plagiognathus sp. III. 

Wanakena and Barber Point, July. Knight will discuss this 
species and the two forms above when he publishes on the. genus 
Plagiognathus. 

Chlamydatus pulicarius (Fallen). 
Barber Point, August, 1919. 

Family GERRIDAE 

Gerris remigis Say. 

Common, only apterous forms being seen or captured. This 
insect lives in the coves of Cranberry Lake, Oswegatchie "River, 
and it often congregates in large numbers in pools or slow-moving 
parts of streams. It spends the winter in the mature state. 

Gerris marginatus Say. 

Common. Taken on Cranberry Lake, Oswegatchie River and 
Bean Pond. This species is a lacustrine and nuviatile insect, but 
seems to prefer quiet Avaters. 

Gerris argenticollis Parshley. 

Taken in the coves of Cranberry Lake with marginatus and 
buenoi. 

Gerris buenoi Kirkaldy. 

This is by far the most abundant species of the smaller forms 
of the genus living in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake. Its habits 
and haunts are quite similar to that of G. marginatus. 

Gerris rufoscutellatus (Latreille). 

Very common. Barber Point, Wanakent, Plains, and Conifer. 
This insect hibernates over winter in the mature form and is 
among the first of the water-striders to appear in early spring. 
The eggs are deposited just beneath the surface film of the water 
upon floating leaves of aquatic plants, small sticks and other 
objects in the water. They hatch in about ten days or two weeks. 
In an aquarium the first adults appeared thirty-four days from 
the time of hatching, but most of the specimens required several 
days longer to reach the adult state. Like the other members of 
the genus rufoscutellatus is predaceous and feeds upon small 
insects, and insects that happen to fall in the water and are 
drowned. Field observations indicate two generations a year in 
the Adirondacks. 



Heteroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



81 




Fig. 32. — Ranatra americana Mont. Drawn by J. D. Smith. 



Metrobates hesperius Uhler. 

Very common on Cranberry Lake and the Oswegatchie River. 
Only the apterous form was observed. It is usually taken in com- 
pany with the two following species. 



82 Neiv York State College of Forestry 

Trepobates pictus (Herrich-Schasffer). 

This species and Rheumatobates rileyi congregate by the thou- 
sands upon Cranberry Lake and Oswegatchie River. It is very 
variable in color and size, and occurs almost entirely in the apte- 
rous form. One dealated specimen is at hand. 

Rheumatobates rileyi Bergroth. 

This insect is represented by many color variations, but there 
does not seem to be any distinct color variety. 

Family V ELI I DAE 

Microvelia borealis Bueno. 

Several specimens, taken at Barber Point. 

Microvelia buenoi Drake. 

Common, collected in Bean Pond (type locality) and in the 
beaver meadow at Barber Point. It lives near the shore in quiet 
waters. 

Microvelia americana Uhler. 

This species is not very common and lives near the shore of 
streams, lakes and ponds. Barber Point, Plains and Wanakena. 

Rhagovelia obesa Uhler. 

Occurs in the eddies of §ucker Brook at Barber Point. 

Family SALDIDAE 

Pentacora ligata (Say). 

Common on stones jutting out of the water in Sucker Brook 
in open sunn}' places at Barber Point. 

Salda coriacea Uhler. 

Proulx's Camp near Barber Point, July 22, 1920. 

Saldula major (Provancher). 

Very common along small streams near Proulx's Camp. 

Saldula confluenta (Say) (Fig. 33, a). 

Taken on a floating log near Barber Point and along a small 
stream at Proulx's Camp. 

Saldula orbiculata (Uhler). 

Several specimens, taken along a small stream near Proulx's 
Camp. I have also taken this insect on small ponds upon floating 
aquatic plants several feet from the shore. 

Saldula interstitalis (Say). 

Very common at Barber Point, Wanakena and Proulx's Camp. 



Hetcropfcra of Cranberry Lake Region 



83 




Fig. 33. — a, Saldula confluenta Say; 6, Paitacora ligata (Say). 

Saldula pallipes (Fabricius). 

Common, collected along the shore of Cranberry Lake, Bean 
Pond and Proulx's Camp. 

Saldula separata (Uhler). 

Common along a small stream in the vicinity of Pronlx's Camp. 

Saldula reperta (Uhler). 

Taken along a small stream in the vicinity of Pronlx's Camp. 

Micranthia humilis (Say). 

Common near the shore of Cranberry Lake, Wanakena and 
Proulx's Camp. The small stream in the cut-over tract in the 
vicinity of Pronlx's Camp offer the most favorable haunts and 
breeding places for the Saldidae. There are numerous small open 
sunny and somewhat moist places and many semiaquatic Diptera 
and other insects that furnish an abundant food supply. In fact 
there were many specimens of the Saldidae, both nymphs and 
adults, living near this small stream. 



84 



New York State College of Forestry 



Family N0T0NECT1DAE 

Notonecta undulata Say. 

Very common, taken in a stagnant pool formed by floating; logs 
at Barber Point and Bean Pond during July, 1917, 1919 and 1920. 




Fig. 34. — Belostoma fluminea Say. Male bearing eggs much 
enlarged. Photo by Drake. 



Ilctcroplera of Cranberry Lake Region 



85 



Notonecta variabilis Fieber. 

Bean Pond and Beaver Meadow, July and August. 

Notonecta insulata Kirby. 

Two examples from Bean Pond, July, 1919. 

Buenoa margaritacea Bueno. 

Many specimens from Bean Pond, 1917, 1918, 1919 and 1920. 





Fig. 35. — Benacus griseus (Say) : a, dorsal view; b, ventral view. Photo by Drake. 

Family NEPIDAE 
Ranatra americana Montadon (Fig. 32). 

Nymphs and adults, collected during July in Bean Pond and 
coves of Cranberry Lake. In Cranberry Lake the specimens were 
taken near the shore among a lot of small sticks and other debris. 

Family BELOSTOMIDAE 

Benacus griseus (Say) (Fig. 35). 

Not common, collected in Bean Pond and coves of Cranberry 
Lake near Barber Point. 



86 



New York State College of Forestry 



Belostoma fluminea Say (Fig. 34, male and eggs). 

Bean Pond and Cranberry Lake near Barber Point. A specimen 
from Columbus, Ohio, is photographed. 





Fig 1 . 36. — Belostoma flu m inert : a, dorsal view; 
h, ventral view. 

Family CORIXIDAE 

Callicorixa praeusta (Fieber). 

A long series from Bean Pond, Beaver Meadow and coves of 
Cranberry Lake. 

Palmacorixa buenoi Abbott, 

Cranberry Lake near Barber Point. 

Artocorixa scabara Abbott. 

Two specimens from Bean Pond, Wanakena. 

Arctocorixa compressa Abbott. 

Taken in Cranberrv Lake near Barber Point, 



Life history notes on cranberry lake 
homoptera 

By Herbert Osborn 

In connection with studies of the ecology of the Homoptera of 
the Cranberry Lake region it was possible to secure a number of 
records on the development of some of the species and, while these 
do not cover as long a period of the year as would be desirable 
for all purposes, the fact that for many species the summer months 
include the main events in the life cycle seems to warrant the 
publication of the records even if less complete than would be 
desired. From the author's standpoint this appears the more 
desirable because there is little probability that circumstances will 
permit him to work at periods necessary to complete the annual 
life cycles and the facts grven here may serve as a basis to facilitate 
further studies. Also it is believed that the facts gained may 
serve for such appreciation of the injurious phases of the insect 
as to encourage working out practical measures for control. In 
some instances, if not all, the determination of certain fragments 
of the life history appears to supply a biological basis for the 
development of preventive or remedial measures which may be of 
service in the protection or conservation of the forest resources. 

BIRCH TREE=HOPPER 
Catynota stupida Walker 

This species (Plate III) often occurs in large numbers on yellow 
birch, but its presence would scarcely be suspected since the insect 
is so perfectly protected by form and color that it is hardly 
possible to see them even when their position has been noted. 

The nymphs occur almost invariably in the axils of small twigs, 
mostly on branches of one year's growth, the head pressed closely 
against the base of the twig, the body lying flat and lengthwise 
on the branch, the tail usually toward the tip of the branch 
(Fig. k, Plate III). Here they remain apparently immovable 
for long periods of time, the food supply being drawn doubtless 
from the cambium of the growing twig. They are very commonly 
attended by ants, so far as observed all of one species (Formica 
sanguined Latr. sub. sp. rubicunda Emery*) ; and by far the easiest 
way to locate the nymphs is to look for the ants and note the 
nymphs which they are attending. The nymphs appear absolutely 
oblivious to the movements of the ants, although the frequent 
rubbing and " caressing " which they receive would seem to be 
sufficient to disturb them. The nymphs, however, appear to be 
very difficult to disturb, seeming to be glued to the twig, and only 



* Identified by Dr. M. W. Wheeler, Harvard University. 

[87] 




PLATE III 
Birch Tree-hopper, Carynota stvpida Walk. 

a, dorsal view of adult. 

b, lateral view of adult. 

c, female. 

d, adult on twig. 

e, male genitalia. 
/, female genitalia. 

9) e gg puncture scars showing eggs and an egg greatly enlarged. 

h, i and j, nymiphal stages. 

k. nymph feeding upon twig. 

I, scar on twig resulting from egg deposition. 



Iletcroptera of Cranberry Lake Region 



89 



forcible action will ordinarily dislodge them. The adults arc 
almost equally difficult to move (possibly the basis for AValker's 
name stupida), no doubt having become fully adapted to depend- 
ence on their protective features to escape enemies. The human 
enemy is, of course, an entirely negligible factor in the immense 
solitudes of the great birch forests and especially in the tree tops, 
but the prying eyes of insectivorous birds may well be deceived 
by the perfection of the resemblance displayed. 

The attraction for the ants lies in the liquid discharge from 
the anus, no doubt comparable to the " honey clew " of aphids, 
and the constancy of the association would indicate that the ants 
make a large use of this food supply during the period of life of 
the tree-hoppers. When aphids are also present the same ants 
appear to visit either aphid or tree-hopper. 

The species was first described by AValker from specimens 
received from Canada (?) but with no description of early stages. 
Later descriptions by Butler, Provancher and Goding, none of 




Fig. 37. — Yellow birch twigs showing egg-punctures (two, three 
and four years old) of Carynota stupida Walk. Photo by Fivaz;. 



90 New York State College of Forestry 

which go into details of the life history or habits, have evidently 
been based on limited material appearing in collections. 

It is not at all strange that specimens have been rare since the 
species is adapted to life in a manner which precludes its frequent 
collection. In the primitive forest or on all larger trees the insect 
occurs probably only on the outer part of branches in the upper 
part of the tree, or at least far from easy capture by the entomolo- 
gist. Only the fortunate occurrence of numerous young yellow 
birch trees in a cut-over and burned tract at the State Forest 
Camp has furnished the opportunity to note the mode of life and 
stages of growth which apparently have escaped the attention of 
entomologists np to the present. 

Life History 

While field observations have been limited to the summer months 
and we are, of course, without ocular evidence concerning con- 
ditions during the winter months, the fact that the active part of 
its life cycle is practically completed between June 1 and Sep- 
tember 1 makes it possible to detail the life cycle with entire 
confidence. The remainder of the year from egg deposition in late 
summer till egg hatching in late May must be passed in the egg 
stage within the twigs of birch.. The earliest date of egg hatching 
is not known, but Dr. Drake has observed very young nymphs, 
evidently first instars, as early as May 30 and nymphs of third 
or fourth instar are found by July 1. The earliest adult female 
noted in 1920 was July 13 and the first male July 16. So we may 
conclude that the period of development from egg to adult is close 
to six or seven weeks. The rate of growth is not entirely uniform 
or else the eggs of different clusters hatch at different times as 
nymphs of many sizes and different instars have been noted during 
the first two weeks of July with stragglers as late as the first 
week in August and adults have been emerging from July 13 to 
as late as the 29th. Adult females appeared July 16, but mating 
activity was not noted until July 23. 

Emergence of adults from nymph case appears to come in the 
early morning, such emergence being noted from the 17th to the 
19th and between eight and ten. One individual, a male, which 
was followed most closely, had split the nymph case along the 
dorsal line of head and prothorax when observed at a little before 
eight o'clock in the morning. It was attached to the underside of 
the petiole of a leaf with the head toward the tip of the leaf and 
in a position with reference to the twig which would place it 
nearly head downward, attachment to petiole being entirely by 
the tarsi of the nymphal case. The head, pronotum and base of 
abdomen were exposed, as also the forelegs, and the wings were 
out but scarcely longer than the wing pads, their tips being folded 
under. The pronotum was no longer than in the last instar nymph 
and did not expand until after expansion of the wings. In this 
condition the insect remained fairly quiet for a time, as if resting 



Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 91 

after the initial effort of exclusion. The color at this period was 
pinkish, wings and pronotum first appearing colorless, with expan- 
sion later darkening to normal dark brown color. At nearly 7 : 55 
the insect became active, grasping the petiole with its forelegs 
and the nymph case with hind feet, withdrawing the abdomen from 
the case and turning at right angles to the deserted skin. Mean- 
while the elytra and wings were expanding rapidly enlarging at 
base to full width and unrolling toward tip, the extreme tip being 
the last to lose its pink color and to acquire the natural symmetry 
of the adult elytron. At eight the elytra and wings were fully 
expanded and the pronotal expansion started and five minutes 
later the wings were fully out in nearly natural position and the 
pronotum partially expanded at base and tip, with a distinct con- 
striction near the tip. At 8 :08 faint indication on spots on head 
and base of pronotum could be seen, the coloration lying toward 
the head end but the elytra at this time was entirely transparent. 
At 8 : 10 the pronotum was nearly expanded, the base and tip 
nearly normal, but deeply hollowed at the middle and the tip 
reaching only to the tip of the abdomen, the following two minutes 
marking the beginning of coloration of the base of the elytra, the 
further extension of pronotum which is still constricted somewhat 
midway and nearly colorless. At 8 : 15 the constriction of the 
pronotum was nearly gone and a minute later entirely so, the 
structure reaching its mature form and reaching nearly to the 
tip of the elytra. At this time the elytra nearly covered the wings, 
the latter at first drooping below, the elytra gradually drawing 
up closer to the body and assuming the normal position at rest. 
At 8 : 20 the coloring became more noticeable, the costa darkening 
and the pronotum becoming a pinkish red, the eyes dark red and 
all traces of the pronotal constriction are gone and thus the insect 
is fully normal except in color ; and at 8 : 22 it walked about quite 
actively with apparently very free use of the legs which a few 
minutes earlier were flabby, helpless structures. The head has 
become bluish white; the further change noted in this specimen 
concerned simply the color, which at about 10 had become dark 
brown, the nearly normal hue for average specimens. 

The first indication of mating was July 23, on a tree in the 
open with the male clinging to the back of the female but not on 
center; July 29, male and female were on same twig end to end, 
but no evident copulation ; # August 31, many males noted resting 
on females but none were seen in coition. The prenuptial atten- 
tions are apparently quite extended and the males rest uniformly 
on the side of the pronotum of the female, the feet of one side 
closed beneath the border of the elytra of the female. Often two 
males are seen attached to one female but seemingly oblivious of 
each other. They have no attachment to the twig and the female 
walks readily up or down the twig. As they are almost invariably 
accompanied by one or more attendant ants, the moving mass 
presents a very grotesque appearance. In some instances three 



92 New York State College of Forestry 

and even four males were seen attached to or clustered around a 
single female. 

Actual egg deposition was not observed but newly laid egg 
masses, which must quite certainly be connected with this species, 
were found in twigs sent to me from Cranberry Lake after my 
return to Columbus. These are laid in two masses diverging from 
a central line and with the ends of the eggs scarcely below the 
level of the bark. The position of the egg masses is indicated in 
the figure (PI. Ill, fig. g) . 

Unquestionably the eggs must remain in the twigs over winter 
for hatching in spring or early summer. 

The smallest nymph observed was 3 mm. in length, with the 
head very short as seen from above; the pronotum was somewhat 
curved forward between the eyes; the anterior part depressed 
and the posterior part elevated. The crest was slightly elevated, 
much less so than later. The apex half way upon the mesonotum ; 
the mesonotum of equal length, forming about a half cylinder. 
There are no wing pads but the hind quarter of the mesonotum 
is slightly produced at lateral border. The abdomen is short, 
roundingly narrowed to terminal segment, which is cylindric, about 
one-half longer than thick. The legs when contracted do not 
show from above ; the tibia flattened and in natural position at 
rest are scarcely visible. 

The largest nymph is 7.5 mm. long and about one-half as wide; 
brown-gray, mottled distinctly with white. The head is scarcely 
visible from above and with the eyes is as wide or a trifle wider 
than the pronotum. The pronotum is elevated, the central portion 
rugose, the posterior border produced into an acute process ex- 
tending over to the meso- and on to the base of the metanotum. 
The mesonotal wing pads reach the second abdominal segment and 
overlap the metanotal wing pads which reach about the same point, 
the hinder border paralleling the mesonotal pads. The abdominal 
segments 2-7 have a pair of short depressed spurs near the middle 
line and close to the hind edge. Beneath it is distinctly flattened 
and the venter is greenish. 

The deposition of eggs in the twigs or small branches, mostly 
in the cambium, results in a distorted growth, the character of 
which is quite evident from comparison of scars of different ages 
(Fig. 37) measured by the age of twig or branch. Eggs are 
mainly, if not entirely, deposited in twigs of the previous year's 
growth and the result of the first year's growth of new tissue is 
a deep fissure with protruding lips on the side, the central strip 
of bark apparently having dried up and broken away. Another 
year's growth fills in the fissure and still further enlarges the bulb- 
like swelling of the twig and later years add thickness to the swell- 
ing with the growing branch, perhaps ultimately obliterating the 
scar entirely but in some instances quite evidently causing a 
weakened spot that may result in the breaking of the branch. 



Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 93 

The economic importance of these insects is dependent upon 
the abundance in which they occur, and from the amount of 
damage done to a number of the trees at the Summer Camp it is 
evident that in abundance they will cause very considerable injury. 
The damage is of two kinds : 

The first, that resulting from the sucking of the sap from the 
trees by the nymphs, a result which may be quite severe, especially 
if the nymphs occur as has been observed, by several hundred on a 
single small tree. 

The second kind of damage is that due to punctures made by 
the females in depositing eggs and this damage, as indicated 
above, depends largely upon the size of the branch or twig which 
is attacked. 

Natural Enemies 

We have not observed any natural enemies that could be con- 
sidered of any special value in reducing the numbers of the insects. 
The ants, which are constantly in attendance upon the tree- 
hoppers, are unquestionably seeking the secretion which they use 
as food and, if having no other relation to the hopper, must be of 
service to them in keeping other insects away. We have observed 
no birds feeding upon the insects nor have we found hoppers in the 
webs of spiders. One female was found with the contents of the 
abdomen eaten out, but it had the appearance of having been 
attacked by some species of fungus. However, no general attack 
of this kind has been observed and it seems evident that the 
natural enemies are of little account in the matter of control. 

It is difficult to suggest any control measures which could be 
thought of as of service in any large way as applied to the forests, 
but for individual trees under observation it would be a simple 
matter to trim the twigs containing egg punctures during the fall, 
winter or early spring, although the newly formed punctures are 
too inconspicuous to be found without some careful examination. 
From the evident inclination of the females to cling closely to 
the trees on which they develop it would seem quite possible to 
beat them from small trees but in that case they would no doubt 
seek other trees in the same locality, and the plan cannot be recom- 
mended as of any value except for individual small trees in parks 
or private grounds. 

ASPEN TELAMONA 
Telamona bar bat a Van Duzee 

This Telamona is a fairly common species on aspen, but less 
abundant than the birch tree-hopper. Nymphs were taken July 3 
and adults (males and females) first noted July 19th. While not 
agreeing in all details this seems best placed in barbata, though 
resembling reclivata, which according to Funkhouser occurs on 
basswood. In this form the crest of pronotum has a short eleva- 
tion at apex of crest, drops a little and runs in straight descending 



94 New York State College of Forestry 

line to posterior concavity, while reclivata is figued as straight, 
from tip to concavity. 

Twig scars, which from association are quite certainly to be re- 
ferred to this species, show two adjacent curved scars of the usual 
membracid type. Previous years' punctures on one or two year 
old twigs are uniform, almost circular, with the surface of healed 
part deeply blackened and with a narrow fissure at center. Older 
deformities show much swelling and distortion. A group of these 
scarred and deformed twigs or branches all apparently to be 
referred to this species are shown in Fig. 15, photographed by 
Fivaz from twigs collected at the Forest Camp. 

Aspen is of too little commercial value to make this an im- 
portant species and unless it is found to attack other forest trees 
of the locality it may be considered for this particular region as 
of little consequence. With other trees involved or with com- 
mercial use of the aspen w,ood the species would at once assume 
economic importance. 

WILLOW LEAF=HOPPER 
Idiocerus suturalis Fitch 

This insect was "frequently observed on willows near the camp 
site, Barber Point, during the summer. Immature forms, col- 
lected on willow and reared in the insectary, emerged as adults 
July 12. The species also occurred in considerable numbers on 
aspen (camp site) during the first week of July and for several 
days later. The nymphs, mostly of the final instar, present con- 
siderable variation in markings, usually showing from two to 
four black spots on the margin of the vertex between the eyes, the 
inner ones round or slightly angular, the outer ones near the eye 
elongate — triangular or squarish. In some individuals, other- 
wise apparently identical, there were two rows of quadrate black 
dots running the length of the body. 

The nymphs live on the leaves, move about quite actively, occa- 
sionally jumping if disturbed. The leaves show numerous 
blackened or browned spots which are apparently due to the feed- 
ing punctures. A few badly infested leaves were entirely brown. 

ASPEN LEAF=HOPPER 

ldioceru$ lachrymalis Fitch 

Adults and nymphs (Fig. 38) were collected on aspen July 2, 
1920, the latter with head markings resembling mature forms with 
two large black spots, borders next eye, two small round spots near 
hind border and spots in hind border, two large transverse spots on 
pronotum, a large black spot rounded behind, divided by narrow 
line, on mesothorax ; base of metathorax between wing pads black ; 
margin of abdomen dark, leaving ovate central disk greenish; 
below black margined, disk of abdomen greenish, segments five 
to seven black. 



Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Ilomoptcra 



95 




Fig. 38. — Idiocerus lachrymalis Fh: a, adult female; 6, nymph. 



Specimens of last instars were caged on July 2 and issued as 
adult during the night of July 4th or the morning of July 5th. 
(See Fig. 38.) 

SCARLET LEAF=HOPPER OF PINE 
Empoasca coccinea (Fitch) # 

In the very brief description given by Fitch which reads 
"Scarlet Empoa, E. coccinea. Scarlet red, immaculate, pectus and 
venter orange, elytra brownish-pellucid. Length 0.10. Taken on 
pines No. 829, male." there is no mention of economic importance 
nor hint as to the abundance of the species. Since Fitch's time 
it would seem that the species has been very rarely taken so that 
it is a matter of some interest to find the species occurring in 
great numbers on white pines in the Cranberry Lake region. As 
both adults and nymphs have been secured from this host plant 
and nymphs from no other it is safe to conclude that it has close 
restriction to the white pine or at most may occur on closely re- 
lated species. Collections of the adults were made by Drake in 
1917 and during the present season we have taken them in large 
numbers both by beating and sweeping, especially in late July, 
at which time the nymphs were noted in greatest numbers. 

The nymphs which were mainly in the last instar have the 
general appearance of the Empoasca nymphs are dark green in 
color closely resembling the pine leaves in tint and have a length 
of 2.75 mm. to 3 mm. The head is short, broad, subtruncate in 
front, the vertex depressed with two oblique furrows forming a 



* The species is included in Gillette's monograph under the genus 
Typhlocyba and he copies Fitch's description and states that he had not 
seen specimens and did not know of a determined specimen in existence. 



96 



New York titate College of Forestry 



broad. V. The wing pads extend to the third abdominal segment 
and are paler than the body, the scutellum is tinged with yellow 
and the abdominal segments 1-5 are bordered on the hind margins 
with brownish. The coxae and base of the abdomen beneath are 
tinged with blue. 

KENNICOTT'S LEAF=HOPPER 
Thamnotettix kennicotti Uhler 

The nymphs of this species (Fig. 39) were taken frequently 
during July and early August usually from sweeping hard maple 
undergrowth or seedlings, and the first adult observed for the 
season emerged from a nymph in cage August 8. 




Fig. 39. — Thamnotettix kennicotti LTlil 
last instar nymph. 



a, adult female; b, last 



The nymphs were supposed at first to be Mesamia vitellina, 
adults of this species occurring frequently in the same association. 
Moreover, these nymphs agree very closely with Ball's brief de- 
scription of the nymph of M. vitellina. 

Nymphs in confinement survived well on leaves of maple, feed- 
ing perhaps most frequently from the petiole, one specimen 
being kept alive from July 19 to August 8 with occasional supply 
of fresh leaves. 

The nymph of the last instar is about 4 mm. long. The head is 
distinctly angular and nearly at right angles with front, somewhat 
flattened and without depressed areas — a little longer than the 
prothorax and the angle to the front obtuse. The wing pads reach 



Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 



97 



to the second abdominal segment and are wider than the abdomen. 
The abdomen narrows from the second segment and in full fed 
individuals is quite long, tapering gradually to the rather acute 

fci P- 

The color is white or yellowish white, minutely dotted with 

brown or blackish in a definite pattern for the abdomen but with 
rather scattered spots on the thorax. There are lateral patches 
on the pronotum, a median patch on the line opening on the meso- 
thorax and meta-thorax and converging stripes on the abdomen 
starting from the sides at the base and meeting on the third seg- 
ment continuing as median stripes to the sixth, which is entirely 
dark. The seventh segment is paler than the sixth and the apex 
with bristles. The body beneath is all white, the cheeks are 
partially dotted with blackish, the legs are entirely white. The 
beak extends to the second pair of coxae. 



SLOSSON'S ELIDIPTERA 
Elidiptera slossoni Van Duzee 

This species (Fig. 40) presents some very interesting features 
and furnishes a hint as to the habits and life history of other mem- 
bers of the genus which should make it possible to add much of 
interest in their study. 

Hitherto the genus has been represented quite sparingly in col- 
lections and so far as known to the writer nothing has been pub- 
lished as to their life history or habitats. 

In 1917 a number of adults and nymphs were taken by 
Professor Drake and sent to me for identification. Additional 
specimens have been secured the past season and the data now 




Fig. 40. — Elidiptera slossoni Van D. : a, adult; o, head, pronotum 
and scutellum dorsal view — much enlarged; c, male genitalia; d, 
nymph of last instar. 



98 New York State College of Forestry 

available warrants a record of parts of the observed cycle and 
quite certain inferences as to other phases. 

The adults (Fig. 40) appear in July or early August (one taken 
July 19, 1920, by Mr. Fivaz) and evidently while recently emerged 
are found in crevices of rotten wood or under bark of spruce 
stumps. At time of mating they probably take wing and the 
females no doubt seek out new and favorable dead trees for egg 
deposition. Drake reports that a number of the nymphs and 
adults were found in a spruce stub, 18 or 20 feet high and about 
10 inches in diameter, and which had been dead several years. 
The eggs must certainly be laid on or under the bark, doubtless 
on trees or stumps in process of decay and where the nymphs 
develop. 

The nymphs occur in the soft decaying tissue of dead trees 
between bark and wood or in crevices of rotten wood. Their food 
is presumably derived from the juices of the decaying wood tissue 
or fungi and this probably at a favorable stage of . decomposition 
during the second, third or fourth year after the cutting of a tree 
or under natural conditions during the same period after death 
or injury of a tree from accident or natural causes. Many large 
nymphs and adults have been taken in quite rotten pine and 
spruce, Barber Point, 1917. 

The nymph shown in the figure (Fig. 40), the only stage yet 
found, was taken in early August along with fresh adults and 
reared individuals shoAv that nymphs mature and adults emerge 
about August 1. 

The nymphs show the head characters of the adult with the 
vertex proportionately a little wider, slightly wider than long; 
the pronotal carinae are prominent, the median one disappearing 
anteriorly; the inner ones curved outward behind, and the lateral 
ones nearly paralleling the margin. On the mesonotum the five 
carinae diverge slightly from before backward and the median 
one is forked posteriorly. The metanotum has three carinae 
within the bases of the wing pads, corresponding with primary 
venation. The abdomen is nearly as wide at base as the thorax, 
broadly ovate behind the segments rather short, six segments being 
visible. 

The body is decidedly flattened, similar to many other insects 
living under bark. The color is gray-brown with a darker median 
stripe and border. Length, 5 mm. ; width, 2.4 mm. 

It may be noted that all recorded American species of the genus 
are from localities where conifers are found and association with 
this food supply seems possible. It seems reasonable to expect, 
therefore, that many other species will be found to have a similar 
habit, perhaps associated with particular species of Coniferae 
such as larch, fir, southern pine, cedar, etc., and special attention 
to collecting where such opportunity presents may result in some 
interesting material and a great enrichment of collections. Aside 
from the biologic or ecologic interest attached to the sDecies. there 



Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 90 

is perhaps little of importance to the species as there is no evi- 
dence that it can cause injury to growing trees and the effect of 
its feeding upon the decaying tissue of fallen timber is entirely 
negligible. 

PINE CHERMES 

Chermes pinicorticis Fitch 

Many years ago Dr. Fitch recognized this species (Fig. 42) as 
injurious to pine and indicated its potential possibilities as a forest 
pest. Since the time of his publication the species has shown itself 
at many localities and frequent intervals to be capable of serious 




Fig. 41. — Pine blight {Chermes pinicorticis Fh.) showing aphids 
clustered on twig. Photo by Fivaz. 

injury to pine trees and it deserved attention in any discussion 
of insects connected with forest problems. The species was ob- 
served on a number of small trees in the vicinity of the summer 
camp and in some instances in sufficient numbers to be counted 
injurious. If in large numbers on older and larger trees they 
were too far from observation to be recognized. In nurseries at 
the Banger School it is frequently a very serious pest. 

The infested trees are readily recognized by the appearance of 
numerous small flecks of white cottony material covering the 
bodies of the insects and adhering to the bark especially around 
the bases of the branches or in the axil of the twigs. They do not 
occur on the leaves but the twigs, branches and even the trunk 



100 



New York State College of Forestry 



may be thickly dotted with little thin white tufts. The white 
cottony secretion consists of wax filaments secreted from glands 
on the upper surface of the abdomen and may be readily separated 
from the insect by touching with a needle or brush or dissolved 
away by application of creosote. 

Since the description by Fitch the species has been studied in 
Iowa by Osborn ('80) in Illinois by Storment and in Maine by 
Patch and referred to by other writers. The more essential points 
in the life cycle with reference to control may be stated briefly 
as follows: 

The winter is passed in egg stage and in part by adult wingless- 
asexual females. The progeny of early spring broods develop- 
ing first from stem mother are wingless oviparious but about May 
there is a generation of winged individuals that by a general 
fight serve to scatter the species in all directions. The later sum- 
mer generations are wingless and wingless oviparous females pro- 
vide the eggs which are destined to survive the succeeding winter 
and produce the stem mothers for the succeeding season. The 
cottony covering protects them fairly well against sprays unless 
driven with such force as to dislodge them and this may be done 
for lawn trees where water pressure is available by drenching 
the trees with a stream of water as well as with a contact spray, 




Fig. 42. — Pine leaf Chermes (CTiermes jpinifoliae) showing posi- 
tion in egg deposition. Note egg masses in front of insect at several 
points. Photo by Fivaz. (See note, p. 104.) 



Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Eomoptera 101 

although the latter if under equal pressure might have added 
advantage of killing the insects and preventing a return of pests 
by development of new generations from chance individuals sur- 
viving the spray. 

In extensive forest areas or in large parks where direct applica- 
tions are impracticable or impossible it may be advisable to cut 
the badly infested trees and burn the infested branches and twigs 
to prevent them from serving as centers for the multiplication 
of the insect and their distribution to healthy trees. This has the 
further advantage of directing the natural enemies which on the 
whole are the main factor in preventing wholesale damage by the 
pest to those trees that are less infested and thereby reducing the 
numbers of the pest. Care in freeing nursery stock by spraying 
or fumigating before planting should serve to prevent some of the 
damage in newly planted forest areas. 

Natural enemies that have been noted are chrysopas, syrphids 
and mites ; and these play an important role in reducing the num- 
bers of the pest. 

THREE=SPOTTED PSYLLIA 

Psyllia trimaculata Crawford 

Psyllia astigmata Crawford 

This species (Fig. 43) is a very conspicuous feature of the 
locality, both nymphs and adults appearing in such numbers and 
distributions as to attract attention. 

The nymphs were first noted as abundant on the Fire cherry 
{Prunus pennsylvanica) where the white cottony or woolly masses 
covering the bodies of the insect and occurring on the under 
surface of the leaves formed a very conspicuous object. (See 
Fig. 44.) 

Nymphs observed July 3 were in final instar and adults were 
observed emerging July 7. All adults noted July 7 and 8 were 
males, and agreed closely with descriptions and figures of 
astigmata Crawford, for which no larval history has been recorded. 
The woolly nymphs bear close resemblance to P. floccosa Patch 
described from alder, but adult characters appear to be sufficient 
to separate the two species. While a very few scattered nymphs 
have been well restricted to the fire cherry so this may be counted 
the preferred if not the only host plant. Early nymphs have not 
been observed but undoubtedly occur and develop during June, 
probably hatching from eggs which have wintered in buds or bark. 

Nymphs of the last instar are light green, the wing pads whitish, 
broadly ovate, the head short, wider than long, as wide as pro- 
thorax. Antennae with terminal segment and apex of preceding 
segments, 5-6-7, black, 3-4 tinged at tip, 1-2 pale. Ocelli 
close to eye, dark; eyes blackish; pronotum short, beak light yel- 
lowish, dark at tip ; wing pads of meso- and meta-thorax expanded, 
wider than abdomen; abdomen as wide as long and sub-truncate 



102 



New York State College of Forestry 




Fig. 43. — Psyllia trimaculata Crawford: a, adult female dorsal 
view; b, fore wing; c, female; d, male genitalia; e, nymph of last 
instar with flocculent mass removed. 



behind, bearing a large mass of flocculent waxy filaments, easily 
detached but when the insect is moving giving the appearance of 
animated bits of fluffy cotton. The appearance of these cottony 
masses is well shown in the photo plate (Fig. 43). There are 
long whitish bars on the margin of wing pads and abdomen; the 
legs with few hairs. 

Adult males were appearing fairly common July 7 and 8 and 
females on the 8th and 9th. Nymphs were still present on fire 
cherry July 20 but practically all have emerged as adult and very 
few of the cottony masses remain as compared with a week earlier. 
Many of the adults collected on fire cherry as well as from other 
vegetation have the orange red or red markings given as char- 
acteristic of 3-77iaculata, later appearing adults seeming to furnish 
a greater proportion of the red marked individuals. Extended 
search for nymphs has failed to show any on alder or other plants 
on which adults are common. On August 1 no nymphs were to 
be found but occasional tufts of the cottony secretions and molted 
skins were still hanging to the leaves. 

Adults taken July 28 from cherry — agreeing in every detail, 
except color, with earlier specimens — are nearly all deep blood 
red on the dorsal lobes of pro- and meso-thorax. As earlier col- 
lections and reared specimens for the early part of the month 
were less distinctly marked it appears probable that the different 
coloration is a seasonal feature due possibly to later maturity in 
nymphal stage, or to difference in temperature or other conditions 



Life History Notes of Cranberry Lake Homoptera 103 

at time of emergence. No evidence that there is change in color 
after individuals are once fully mature was found as uncolored 
specimens kept in confinement either if bred or collected from 
trees showed no decided change of color when kept several days 
with food supply. 

Adults both with and without the bright red marks have been 
taken in large numbers from a great variety of trees, including 




Fig. 44. — Psyllia trimaculata Crawford: leaves (taken from fire 
cherry in field) show nymphs covered with flocculent masses. Photo 
by Drake and Fivaz. 



104 New York State College of Forestry 

birch, willow, aspen, maple, and on none of which have the noccu- 
lent nymphs been seen alive. Those taken on Prunus have the 
thorax of yellowish white or light greenish with three prominent 
orange or red spots on the three lobes ; the abdomen is green • tip of 
upper genital valve, tarsal spurs, claws and antennae, except at 
base, are black; eyes black. The evidence given in brief above 
seems to warrant the conclusion that P. astigmata, as suspected 
by Crawford, is only an uncolored form of P. maculata and as 
P. maculata has priority, the former species becomes a synonym. 

It seems also fair to infer from the seasonal history and the 
habits of related species that eggs are deposited in fall, probably 
in or around the buds of fire cherry, where they remain till the 
following summer when they hatch, and develop as the cottony 
covered nymphs of June and July. 

NOTE REFERRING TO FIGURE \1 

Chenrnes pinifoliae Fitch. This species, illustrated in Fig. 42, page 100, is 
not discussed in detail, our observations being quite fragmentary, but it may 
be mentioned that females ovipositing on pine leaves were seen to extrude 
eggs and, after laying a mass of 35 to 40 eggs, to turn around and deposit 
another mass, proving very definitely that Fitch's conclusion that eggs were 
not extruded but held within abdominal walls, the dead insect adhering to the 
leaf, is not the rule for the species. 



CONTRIBUTION TOWARD THE LIFE HISTORY OF 
GALEATUS PECKHAMI ASHMEAD 

By Carl J. Drake 

This curious and interesting American insect was described by 
Ashmead (1887, p. 156) as Sphaerocysta peckhami from two speci- 
mens collected near Milwaukee, Wisconsin, by Prof. Geo. W. Peck- 
ham. A number of years later Van Duzee (1889, p. 5) records 
the insect from an island in Muskoka Lake, Canada, and transfers 
it to the Genus Galeatus Stal, where the species correctly belongs. 
In regard to its habitat Van Duzee (I. c.) says: "Swept from low 
weeds — probably a dwarf vaccinium or a species of aralia, which 
were growing close together — among pines on a rocky island ' ' 
(collected between July 25 and August 3, 1889). 

Uhler* (1904, p. 362) greatly extends the range of G. peckhami 
and lists the insect from Las Vegas, Hot Springs, New Mexico 
(collected by Schwarz and Barber, August 3, at an altitude of 
about 6,770 feet). Bueno (1915, pp. 278 and 279) enumerates 
the species among the insects taken in beech drift of Lake Superior 
at Marquette, Michigan, in July by Mr. John D. Sherman, Jr. 
The latter lot contained thirty-two specimens, which seems to indi- 
cate that the insect must have been migrating in considerable 
numbers. The species has recently been reported from Maine 
(Parshley, 1917, p. 55), New Hampshire (Parshley, 1916, p. 105) 
and New York (Drake, 1918, p. 86). Dr. H. H. Knight has 
kindly sent me a few specimens from Duluth, Minnesota. In 
addition to most of these records Van Duzee (1917 b, p. 216) 
catalogues the insect from Manitoba and Uhler (1896, p. 265) 
also records the species from Japan. 

During the past summer (1920) Dr. Osborn and the writer 
found the insect breeding in great numbers upon aster, Aster 
macrophyllus L., and boneset, Eupatorhtm sp. {fide Dr. H. P. 
Brown) on the summit of Crataegus Hill, Barber Point, during the 
last week of July. At this time all the nymphs had attained the 
mature state. A careful examination of the ventral surfaces of 
the leaves of the asters revealed the cast-off skins of four different 
instars still clinging to the leaves. The skins of the last three 
instars were in almost perfect condition and the figures and 
descriptions of the nymphal instars have been made from these 
cast-off skins. 

The eggs of Galeatus peckhami Ashm. are almost entirely 
inserted in the stem of the host plant, usually somewhat near the 
surface of the ground, upon which the insects are feeding. They 
are generally placed singly (Plate IV, Fig. e) and in no definite 



* Horvath has recently described this form from New Mexico as a new 
species of galeatus. 

[1051 



106 New York State College of Forestry 

order in the stems of the plants. Only a small portion of the egg 
or the neck-like structure and cap protrudes from the plant. 
However, occasionally two or rarely three eggs are inserted in the 
same slit or egg puncture. Sometimes five or six or even a dozen 
eggs may be laid in rather close proximity to each other. They 
are deposited during the latter part of July, August and Septem- 
ber. In proportion to the size of the abdomen the eggs are quite 
large and only a few fully formed ova can be contained within 
the body of the female at the same time. This probably accounts 
for the long period of egg-deposition. There is but a single genera- 
tion a year in the Adirondacks and field observation indicates 
conclusively that eggs, which are laid during the latter part of 
the summer do not hatch until the following spring. Asters, in 
which eggs had been deposited in the stems in the field, were trans- 
ferred to small pots and placed in the laboratory at Syracuse. 
Adult males and females were also carried to Syracuse on the host 
plants, but all died during the latter part of September and Octo- 
ber. The plants were destroyed by mildew during November and 
December. The eggs, which had been deposited during July or 
later, failed to incubate in the laboratory, but seemed to have 
remained in a living state until they were destroyed by desiccation 
of the stems of the asters a few weeks after the plants had been 
killed by the mildew. 

The egg (Plate IV, Fig. e) is slightly curved, from .7 to .8 mm. 
long and about one-third as wide. The cephalic end is distinctly 
neck-shaped and closed by a round cap or lid. The color varies 
from brown to dark brown or black, usually considerably darker 
on the cephalic half and with a much lighter cap. 

Number of Instars: Exuviae, representing four different 
instars, were found clinging to the ventral surface of the aster 
leaves during August. This material seems to indicate five instars, 
but the cast-off delicate skins of the younger nymphs were badly 
mutilated and in no condition for a drawing or detailed descrip- 
tion. The cast-off skins of the last three instars were very common 
and many were in almost perfect condition. Although I have 
assumed five instars, I am not positive whether there are four or 
five nymphal stages. 

Second Instar?: Antennae stout, clothed with a few long setae, 
the third segment about a third longer than the fourth. Head 
with five slender bristle-like spines. The spines along the margins 
of the thorax and abdomen, also median erect ones, slender and 
bristle-like. The spines on the head are located in this instar 
and also in the others as in the adult insect. The spines on the 
thorax and abdomen are placed as in the two following instars 
(the position and location described in next instar), but some 
are wanting in the last instar. Some of the bristle-like spines on 
the abdomen are double (two arising from almost the same base). 
Nine abdominal segments visible above. General color testaceous, 
with very few or no brownish markings. 



Contribution Toward History of Galeatus Pechhami 107 

Third Instar? (Plate IV, Fig. k) : Cephalic spines moderately 
long blunt, the median one usually a little longer than the others. 
Antennae stout, the third segment about one and three-fourths 
times the length of the fourth. Outer margins of pro-, meso-, and 
metathorax on each side armed with a long spine; the middle of 
both pro- and mesothorax with an erect spine on each side of the 
median line. Abdominal segments two, three, four, five, six, seven 
and eight armed on each side near the postero-outer margin with 
a long spine, the ninth segment with two long spines; segments 
two, five, six and eight each armed with an erect spine on the 
median line, usually two or three or all these spines with a double- 
pointed tip. The spines in this instar are rather stout and blunt. 
Length. 1.1 mm. General color testaceous, with a few small 
brownish spots. 

Fourth Instar? (Plate IV, Fig. i) : Spine on head thorax and 
abdomen arranged as in the preceding instar, but all much longer 
and pointed. Body and spines sparsely clothed with moderately 
short spine-like structures with a bulbous or knobed tip. Antennae 
with the third segment a little less than twice as long as the fourth. 
Mesothorax distinctly larger than in the preceding instar. Length, 
1.65 mm. General color testaceous, with small brownish areas at 
the base of some of the spines. Spines more or less brownish. 

Last Instar (fifth?) (Plate IV, Fig. /) : In this stage the 
spines on the head and thorax are longer than in the preceding 
instar. The spine-like structures with bulbous tips are also a little 
longer and more numerous. (Plate IV, Figs, h and i.) Pronotum 
large, the posterior process subtruncate. Mesothoracic wing pads 
large, somewhat leaf -like, projecting on the fifth abdominal seg- 
ment and completely covering the metathorax and metathoracic 
wing pads. Abdominal segments two and three with the marginal 
spines wanting, also spines along margin of metathorax. Spines 
along the median line of the pro- and mesothorax and median 
spines of abdomen, especially prothoracic ones, with raised some- 
what bulbous areas at the base. Antennae slender, clothed with 
several setae, the second segment twice the length of the fourth. 
Occasionally, one of the spines on the head or abdomen are double 
(two spines arising from almost the same base). A couple speci- 
mens in both the fourth and fifth instars have been found with an 
extra spine on the head (six spines) and one or two extra on the 
abdomen. As a rule, however, the number of spines seem to be 
quite constant. Length, 2.8 mm. General color testaceous, varie- 
gated with brown or fuscous. Spines more or less brownish. 

The adult of Galeatus pechhami is only known to occur in the 
macropterous form. Several Palaearctic species are found in 
both brachypterous and macropterous forms. The head normally 
bears five long spines and it is very rare that one finds an indi- 
vidual with six spines. The posterior extension of the pronotum 
is somewhat inflated and the median carina is well developed. The 
hood is rather high, not broad and covers the base of the head. 



108 New York State College of Forestry 

The lateral carniae are enormously developed, somewhat ovoid in 
outline and form sort of a discal hood-like structure. They extend 
considerably above the median carina, with the front margins in 
contact with each other, the posterior ones distinctly separated, 
and each constricted near the middle above. The areolae of the 
hood, carinae, paranota, posterior extension of pronotum and 
elytra are very large. The nervures are brownish or fuscous, the 
areolae are mostly hyaline, sometimes a few slightly clouded. The 
length varies from 4.2 mm. to 4.5 mm. 

Four predaceous insects, Podisus serieventris IJhl. Podisus 
modestus Dall., Nabis rufusculus Rent, and Nabis roseipennis 
Reut. were collected on the same plants with G. peckhami. In fact 
the eggs of Nabis rufuscidus were found in stems of the asters near 
the eggs of G. peckhami. Two associated forms, Macrotylus sex- 
guttatus Prov. and an undetermined aphid, were feeding and 
breeding in considerable numbers on the same asters. The insect 
lives in dry and somewhat open places ; it was only taken on the 
crest of this small hill and seemed to be very locally distributed. 
It is not know whether the adults survive the winter or not. Data 
seems to indicate that the winter is spent in the egg stage. 



Contribution Toward History of Galeatus Peckhami 109 

PLATE IV 

Galeatus peckhami Ash mead 

Fig. a, dorsal view of adult. 

Fig. 6, lateral view of adult showing pronotum and head. 

Fig. c, male genitalia showing claspers. 

Fig. d, ventral view of female genitalia. 

Fig. e, eggs in stem of aster. "Part of the stem has been removed to show 
how deeply eggs are inserted in plant. Note how stem is slit for the inser- 
tion of an egg. 

Fig. /, dorsal view of last nymphal instar (5 instar?). 

Fig. g, large spine of last instar greatly enlarged. 

Fig. h, small bulbous-like or spine-like process with knobbed tips (from last 
instar). These structures are found on the body and large spines (greatly 
enlarged) of larger nymphs. 

Fig. i, dorsal view of nymph of third'(?) instar. 

Fig. j. dorsal view of nymph in next to last instar (fourth instar?). 

Ashmead, William H. 

Bibliography 

1873. Hemipterologieal Contributions. Entomological Americana, Vol. 
Ill, pp. 155 and 156. 

Bueno, J. R. de Torre. 

1915. Heteroptera of Beech Drift. Entomological News, Vol. XXVI, pp. 
274-279. 

Drake, Garl J. 

191'8. Notes on North American Tingidae (Hem.-Het.) . Bulletin of 
Brooklyn Entomological Society, Vol. XII, pp. 86-89. 

HoRVATir, C. 

1909. Les Relations entre les fannies heniipterologiques dc l'Europe et 
Amerique du nord. Am. Hist. Nat. Hung. Budapest, Vol. 6, 
pp. 1-14. 

Osborn, Herbert and Drake, Carl J. 

1919. The Tingitoidea of Ohio. Ohio Biological Survey Bulletin, Vol. II, 
no. 4., pp. 217-252. 

Parshley, Howard M. 

lfl'16. New and Noteworthy Hemiiptera from New England. Entomologi- 
cal News, Vol. XXVII, pp. 103-10'6. 
1917. Fauna of New England. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Occasional 
Papers of Boston Society of Natural History, VII, 14, pp. 1-126. 

Uhler, Philip R. 

1896. Summary of the Hemiptera of Japan, presented to the United 

States National Museum by Professor Mitzukuri. Proceedings of 

United States National Museum, Vol. XIX, pp. 255-297. 
1904. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Las Vegas Hot Springs., New 

Mexico collected by Messrs. E. A. Schwarz and Herbert S. Barber. 

Proceedings of United States National Museum, Vol. XXVII, 

pp. 349^365. 

Van Dtjzee, Edward P. 

1889. Hemiptera of Muskoka Lake District. Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 

XXI, pp. 1-12. 
1917a. Check List of the Hemiptera North of Mexico. 
1917b. Catalogue of the Henri ptera of America North of Mexico. 



110 



New York State College of Forestry 




Plate IV. 



THE LIFE HISTORY OF THE BIRCH TINGITID, 
CORYTHUCHA PALLIPES PARSHLEY 

By Carl J. Drake 

The yellow birch tingitid made its appearance under three differ- 
ent names — viz., pallipes Parshley, cyrta Parshley and betulae 
Drake — in the same paper by Gibson (1918, pp. 69-105) on the 
study of the Genus Corythucha Stal. According to pagination 
pallipes has page-priority and is the valid name for the species. 
Parshley (1920, pp. 28 and 29) has recently pointed out the fact 
that cyrta and betulae are identical. Dr. Parshley has kindly 
loaned me the type series of pallipes and cyrta and we are fully 
convinced that cyrta and betulae are not only specifically the same, 
but also synonymous with pallipes. Althoiigh cyrta and betulae 
can be connected up in the type series, Gibson (I. c, p. 86) failed 
to observe this identity. Lack of food-plant data and a series 
showing variability accounts for the original failure to note the 
kinship of pallipes and cyrta. 

The yellow birch tingid is undoubtedly the most common species 
of Heteroptera living in the vicinity of Cranberry Lake. It seems 
to show a decided preference for yellow birch, Betula lutea 
Michx. f ., but it is also very common on white birch, Betula alba L., 
beech, Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. and ironwood or hop hornbean, 
Ostrya virginiana Mill. K. Koch. Dr. Osborn noted a young 
mountain ash, Pyrus americana (Marsh) DC. badly infested by 
pallipes at Barber Point in July. The writer also found the insect 
breeding on mountain maple, Acer spicatum Lam., soft maple, 
Acer saccharinum L., hard maple, Acer saccharum Marsh, and 
striped maple or moosewood, Acer pennsylvanicum L., but the 
species seems to breed only occasionally and never in large num- 
bers on maples. The type series of pallipes (1918, Parshley in 
Gibson, p. 86) were collected on an introduced willow, Salix siebol- 
diana, at Stanford, Connecticut, by Mr. W. E. Britton. I have 
seen several other specimens, bearing the same date, locality and 
food-plant, that must have been collected with the types by Mr. 
Britton. The number of specimens would seem to indicate that 
the insect must have been at least feeding and perhaps breeding 
on the introduced willow. The insect has not been observed to 
feed or breed on the willows (growing near badly infested birch 
trees) in the Cranberry Lake region. Parshley (in Gibson, 1918, 
p. 85) also states that this insect (under cyrta) has been taken on 
sphagnum, but does not list this as a food plant. Two or three 
published records report Corythucha juglandis Fitch upon birch, 
but these probably refer to pallipes. In fact I have seen pallipes, 
bearing food-plant label " birch", in a few collections wrongly 
determined as C. juglandis Fitch. Corythucha pergandei Heide- 
mann and Corythucha heidemanni Drake occasionally feed and 

[1111 



112 New York State College of Forestry ' 

breed on birch, but alder is by far the most common and the pre- 
ferred food-plant of these species. 

Distribution: C. pallipes is a transcontinental species and 
probably occurs throughout the northern part of the United States 
and southern Canada. Specimens are at hand from New York, 
Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Michigan, Wis- 
consin, Oregon, Washington and Canada (Ottawa and Manitoba). 

Variation: Like a number of its congeners, pallipes shows con- 
siderable variation in size, shape of the hood, and also in the 
relative proportion of the height of the crest of the hood with the 
height of the median carina. There is also a moderate degree of 
variation in size and general color of the entire insect. This 
variation accounts largely for the synonomy of the species. The 
adult insect ranges from 3.5 mm. to 4.32 mm. long. In relation 
to the median carina, the height of the crest of the hood varies 
from about twice to approximately three times that of the median 
carina. The posterior portion of the hood also varies considerably 
in width. On the same food plant one can find the extremes of 
variations as well as gradual gradations leading to all intermediate 
forms. There seems to be no distinct varieties, but the most com- 
mon form generally has the hood a little larger than the type 
(pallipes). There is also a little variation in the height of the 
lateral carina. 

Injury (Fig. 45) : This tingid occurs on the yellow birch trees 
by the thousands and it is undoubtedly the most injurious leaf- 
feeding insect upon the yellow birch tree in the vicinity of Cran- 
berry Lake. Although large trees are frequently infested it seems 
to prefer the younger trees and seedlings. During the summers 
of 1917, 1918, 1919, and 1920 the insect has been especially abun- 
dant in the vicinity of Barber Point. Numerous young birches 
were so badly infested that the leaves were almost entirely dis- 
colored by its feeding punctures. In fact, the discolored leaves 
of badly infested trees by the last of July would attract one's 
attention several yards away. Later, many of these leaves would 
be almost entirely destroyed. Ironwood probably ranks next to 
yellow birch as a preferred food-plant, but white birch and beech 
are often badly infested. Mountain ash and the various species of 
maples do not seem to attract the insect very frequently and never 
in great numbers; in fact they are very rarely infested at all. 
There are two generations a year in the Adirondacks, the second 
generation hibernating as adults over the winter among the fallen 
leaves on the ground. 

The adults and nymphs feed almost entirely on the under-side 
of the leaves (Fig. 45). The young nymphs, especially during the 
first and second instars, feed largely in colonies, but they gradually 
scatter during the older stages. The discoloration, caused by the 
feeding of the insects, is very conspicuous on both sides of the 
leaves (Fig. 45). In addition to these discolored and feeding 
areas there are small blackish spots on the under-side of the leaves 
where the faeces have been deposited. 



The Life History of the Birch Tingid 113 

Natural Enemies: Two predaceous insects, a little anthocorid, 
Anthocoris borealis, and the larvae of a lace-winged-fly, Chrysopa 
sp.j were observed feeding upon both nymphs and adults in the 
field. Adults are also occasionally parasitized by a small red mite, 
Trombidium sp., the latter usually being attached to the ventral 
side of the abdomen. 

Eggs: The eggs are deposited on the under-side of the leaves 
in the axil of the veins. They are placed on end (only the base 
of each egg being slightly inserted in the tissue of the leaf) and 
in no definite order, but usually in groups ranging from four to 
ten eggs each. Sometimes only one and at other times about a 
dozen or more eggs are laid in a single group. The eggs are fairly 
well concealed on yellow birch leaves by the pubescence along the 
veins of the leaves. 

The egg (Plate V. Fig. e) is sub-elliptical, slightly curved, about 
.6 mm. long and not quite one-third as wide. The cephalic end is 
somewhat constricted and closed by a cap or lid. The color varies 
from brown to a very dark brown, but the cap is always much 
lighter and of a grayish color. They hatch about ten days after 
deposition. 

First Nymphal Stage (Plate V, Fig. d) : Much more cylin- 
drical elongate, and thicker than in the other instars. Antennae 
composed of three segments, the third long and with a few long 
setae. Head with five tubercles, the anterior pair with a single 
spine on each, the median and the posterior pair with two spines 
on each. Abdominal segments two, three, four, five, six, seven, 
eight and nine with a small tubercle, bearing a slender spine, on 
each side. Both pro- and mesothorax armed on each side with a 
spine. Abdominal segments two and eight bearing a pair of small 
dorsal tubercles with a spine on each ; segments five and six with 
large and prominent dorsal tubercles, each tubercle bearing three 
slender spines. Mesothorax also with a dorsal pair of tubercles, 
each bearing a slender spine. Length, .61 mm.; width, .15 mm. 
At time of hatching the nymph is almost colorless. Fully matured 
specimens are of a rather dark brown color. This instar lasts from 
four to six days. 

Second Nymphal Stage (Plate V. Fig. e) : Body broader in 
proportion to its length than in the preceding instar. The 
tubercles on the head are a little larger. The spines along the 
margin of the abdomen are stronger and larger and the spicules 
are more numerous over the entire body. Length, .75 mm. ; width, 
.43 mm. Color, dark brown. The length of this instar varies from 
five to ten days. 

Third Nymphal Stage (Plate V, Fig. /) : Antennae with four 
segments. The pro- and mesothorax larger and the entire insect 
more oval in outline. A few small spines have appeared on the 
tubercles. Length, 1.01 mm. ; width, .64 mm. General color, dark 
brown. Length of instar, four to eight days. 



114 New York State College of Forestry 

Fourth Nymphal Stage (Plate V, Fig. g) : Tubercles moder- 
ately large, each bearing several spines. Prothorax considerably 
larger, the mesothoracic wing-pads quite prominent. Small 
spicules have appeared on the bases of large spines. Length, 
1.68 mm. ; width, .76 mm. General color, dark brown, the base 
of the abdomen with a lighter area. Length of instar, five to 
twelve days. 

Fifth Nymphal Stage (Plate Y, Fig. h) : Tubercles on the 
head quite large and prominent, each bearing several spines. 
Tubercles and spines much larger. Spinules present as in the pre- 
ceding instar. Prothorax very prominent, the median anterior 
portion considerably raised and inflated, mesothoracic wing-pads 
very large, completely covering metathoracic wing-pads and 
extending on the fourth abdominal segment. Spines on lateral 
margins of abdominal segments covered by wing-pads wanting. 
Length, 2.2 mm. ; width, 1.3 mm. The general color is dark brown, 
the yellowish areas on the prothorax, wing-pads and base of the 
abdomen have increased in size. Length of instar, eight to fifteen 
days. 



The Life History of the Birch Tingid 115 



PLATE V 

Corythucha paltipes Parshley 
Fig. a, adult. 

Fig. b, lateral view of hood and median carina. 
Fig. c, egg. 

Fig. d, first nymphal stage. 
Fig. e, second nymphal stage. 
Fig. f, third nymphal stage. 
Fig. a, fourth nymphal stage. 
Fig. h, fifth nymphal stage. 

Fig. 45, Yellow Birch Leaves showing eggs, nymphs and adults. Note dis- 
colored areas caused by feeding punctures. 

Literature Cited 
Drake. Carl J. 

1919. On some Tingidae New to the Fauna of Canada. Canadian Ento- 
mologist, Vol. LI, pp. 159 and 160. 

Gibson, Edmund H. 

1918. The Genus Corvthucha Stal. Transactions of the American Ento- 

mological Society, Vol. XLIV, pp. 69-105. 

Parshley, Howard M. 

1919. New England Hemiptera-Heteroptera. Canadian Entomologist, Vol. 

LI, pp. 70-73. 

1920. Hemipterological Notices I (Tingidae). Entomological News, Vol. 

XXXI, pp. 271-275. 



116 



Neiv York State College of Forestry 




Plate V. 



NEW SPECIES OF IPIDAE FROM MAINE* 

By M. W. Blackman 

Professor of Forest Entomology, New York State College of 
Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. 

The writer spent the four months from June 18 to October 18, 
1919, investigating certain forest insects for the Maine Forestry 
Department in co-operation with the Maine Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station. In this work the chief attention was paid to the 
ipidae, commonly known as the bark -beetles, and large numbers of 
specimens were collected, not only in the vicinity of Orono, but 
in several localities between Bangor and Kittery Point, in the 
Eangeley Lake region and in regions near Umbazookskus, Cham- 
berlain and Telos Lakes. In the course of the work several new 
species of bark beetles were found, including those described 
herewith. 

The writer wishes to express his appreciation of the courtesies 
extended by Professor J. M. Briscoe, of the Department of For- 
estry, and Doctor E. M. Patch, Entomologist of the Experiment 
Station, during the course of the work. 

Xylechinus americanus n. sp. 

Description of the adult: Dark brown, with antennae and 
legs lighter in color; 2.2 mm. long, 2.44 times as long as wide, with 
the head visible from above. 

Front of the head plano-convex, finely punctate and granulate, 
with numerous, fine, rather short, greyish hairs directed mesially, 
the median carina sharply and distinctly elevated below but 
broken up into a row of coarser granules above, with a faint 
arcuate transverse depression originating at the level of the middle 
of the eye, the epistomal margin produced in the median third, 
with the prolongation emarginate at the median line ; vertex and 
genae reticulate, finely punctured, with a few minute hairs ; eyes 
elongate, moderately coarsely granulate, with the inner margin 
scarcely sinuate; antennal club connate, very slightly flattened 
with three sutures visible all around and nearly straight ; f unicle 
of about the same length, with five segments, the distal ones 
slightly wider. 

Fronotum 1.1 times as wide as long ; widest behind with the sides 
subparallel on the posterior half, constricted before the middle, 
rounded in front and with the hind margin bisinuate; disc and 
sides closely punctured and finely granulate, clothed with cinere- 



* Papers from the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station Entomology 
No. 108. Contribution No. 31 from the Department of Forest Entomology. 
New York State College of Forestry, Syracuse. N. Y. 

[1171 



118 New York State College of Forestry 

oils scale-like hairs which are directed mesially and meet in the 
median line over a faint median carina which would otherwise be 
inconspicuous. 

Elytra distinctly wider than the pronotum, 1.67 times as long 
as wide, widest behind the middle ; the sides subparallel, slightly 
sinuate, very narrowly rounded behind ; basal margins separately 
rounded, strongly elevated from scutellum to humeral angle and 
bearing a row of rather slender flattened teeth with rounded 
points; striae moderately narrow, rather strongly impressed, with 
regularly placed, deep, coarse punctures : interspaces wider, con- 
vex, granulate-punctate, clothed with cinereous scale-like hairs of 
two sorts — a median row down the center of each interspace, 
longer, wider, suberect and better developed posteriorly, and more 
numerous, smaller, appressed ones arranged at each side and 
between the coarser ones. Declivity regularly arched with the 
sutural interspace wider and more strongly elevated. First two 
and last ventral segments subequal and each as long as the third 
and fourth combined, the last one rounded behind ; all clothed with 
fairly abundant, cinereus hairs, longer and more plentiful on the 
last segment. 

Type — Orono, Maine, Aug. 15, 1919, M. W. Blackman, col- 
lector; Lot No. M-144-b. 

Host Trees — White pine (Pinns strobus L.), white spruce 
(Picea canadensis Mill.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.). 

This species which is apparently the first of the genus to be 
recorded from North America is closely allied to Xylechinus 
pilosus Katz. but is plainly distinct. On comparison with the 
European species, a specimen of which has been given me by 
Doctor J. M. Swaine, the following points of difference are found : 
The elytral sculpture is considerably coarser in the American 
species, with the striae deeper, the strial punctures larger and the 
declivital granules coarser; the elytral vestiture differs in that 
the central row in each interspace is here longer and more erect 
than in pilosus and also in the absence of the white band formed 
by the more plentiful vestiture in the sutural interspaces; the 
ground color of the elytra is darker as is also the vestiture; the 
vestiture of the front of the head is also longer and the median 
carina is more strongly developed. This species is apparently the 
first of the genus to be reported from America, north of Guatemala. 
Blandford assigns five species from Panama and Guatemala to this 
genus and a single species has been described by Hagadorn from 
Argentina. In Europe but the one modern species already men- 
tioned is known. 

X. americanus was taken by the writer in Maine on only two 
occasions. On August 15, 1919, two individuals were found in 
their newly started burrow T s in the bark of a small white pine tree 
dying from suppression. On October 13, however, a number of 
brood burrows were found in a small recently dead white spruce 
tree and these contained a number of young adults and a few 



New Species of Ipidae from Maine 119 

larvae. This small tree occurred in a very dense stand of spruce, 
and it also had been so greatly weakened by overshading as to 
make it a suitable breeding place for the beetles. 

During the summer of 1921 the writer also obtained a number 
of specimens from red spruce at Cranberry Lake, N. Y. The 
dates of collection are June 24, July 17, Aug. 3 and Aug. 5, 1921. 
All were obtained from small, shaded-out red spruce trees and the 
beetles were present in only small numbers. 

The burrows consist of an entrance tunnel which leads directly 
into a rather large irregular shaped nuptial chamber. In the 
majority of cases but two egg-galleries lead off from the central 
chamber and usually extend in a nearly transverse direction. In 
several burrows, however, one or more additional galleries are to 
be found. These are in all cases short, are nearly at right angles 
to the first two and contain only a few egg-niches. The number 
of egg-niches in an egg gallery varies from 8 to 29 in those counted 
and the number of niches to the engraving varies from 21 to 54. 

As regards its economic importance the species seems not to be 
at all common and all of the trees in which it was found were 
such as had been either greatly weakened or actually killed by 
suppression. In white pine it was associated with Ips pini Say, 
Fvtyophthorus granulatus Sw. and P. nudus Sw. While in white 
spruce no other bark beetle occurred in the same region of the 
tree, but P. opaculus Lee. and Cryphalus mainensis n. sp. were 
breeding in the limbs and twigs. 

Pityophthorus balsa mens n. sp. 

Description of adult female: Very dark reddish brown, 
almost black; 1.88 mm. long, 2.87 times as long as wide. 

Front flattened, with a reniform, spongy area of a light reddish- 
brown color; median carina indicated by a distinct tooth just 
above the epistomal margin; marginal hairs abundant near the 
broadly emarginate center, sparse laterally; remainder of frons 
rather coarsely and roughly punctured ; apparently glabrous ; eyes 
emarginate ; antennal club nearly as broad as long, first and second 
sutures similarly, third suture more strongly arcuate ; club at least 
one-fourth longer than funicle. 

Fronotum 1.2 times as long as wide, posterior half with sides 
subparallel, broadly rounded in front ; front margin distinctly 
serrate ; anterior area moderately asperate ; summit prominent, 
with w^ell-marked, wide, transverse impression behind the summit, 
divided by a shining, impunctate, slightly raised, median line ; 
with a similar but less prominent longitudinal lateral elevation at 
each side; posterior half of disc with deep, moderate sized punc- 
tures, sides rather more densely but less deeply punctured. 

Elytra wider than thorax, 1.78 times as long as wide; sides very 
faintly arcuate, very broadly rounded behind but slightly pro- 
duced at the suture; striae not impressed except the first, strial 
punctures rather coarse, in rows, somewhat irregular near suture; 



120 New York State College of Forestry 

interatrial punctures similar to strial, but sparse, more numerous 
at the sides; disc of declivity shining, sparsely pubescent with 
short inconspicuous hairs which are longer and more numerous at 
the sides and rear. Declivity with narrow moderately shallow 
sulcus ; suture moderately elevated, not granulate ; lateral eleva- 
tions each with a sparse row of small short blunt tubercles on the 
third interspace. 

Male with the front coarsely, roughly punctured, with distinct, 
median, narrow, elevated carina below, ending above the epistomal 
margin in a distinct tooth-like structure, with some indication of 
a transverse carina at level of upper angle of eye ; pronotum 
broader than in female, as wide as elytra ; declivity very narrowly 
sulcate ; sulcus nearly eliminated at its center by an inpushing 
from each lateral convexity; lateral elevations devoid of granules, 
each, however, with a blunt tooth-like prominence, with its apex 
in line with the second stria but belonging to the third interspace. 

Type — A female, Orono, Maine, July 12, 1919, M. W. Black- 
man, collector; Lot No. M-86-b. 

Host tree — Abies balsamea (Linn.) Miller. 

Described from a series of seven females and two males collected 
by the author at Orono, Maine, July 8, 12, 17, 19 and at Chemo 
Lake, August 18, 1919. All of these specimens except one of the 
males w T ere taken from their burrows in the twigs of balsam fir. 
The male collected at Chemo Lake was in a twig of red pine 
(Pinus resinosa Ait.). 

All of the brood-burrows found were in twigs or small limbs 
less than one-third of an inch in diameter. These galleries are 
of the type common to the genus, consisting of a rather large 
nuptial-chamber from which originate several egg-galleries. These 
latter are rather short and groove the sapwood deeply. The bur- 
rows studied were invariably found to originate at the base of a 
smaller branch or twig where the bark is usually rougher and 
thicker. This species was found only in dying or recently dead 
twigs of balsam and was not taken in healthy material. It is 
probably of little economic importance. It was associated in balsam 
with Pityopkthorus canadensis Sw. P. puberulus Lee, P. opaculus 
Lee. and Cryphalus balsameiis Hopk. In red pine it was found in 
the same twigs as P. canadensis Sw. and P. puberulus Lee. 

Pityophthorus patchi n. sp. 

Description of adult female: Very dark reddish brown; 
1.97 mm. long, 3.1 times as long as wide. 

Frons plano-convex on a nearly circular area extending nearly 
from eye to eye; with an oval, densely pilose or spongy, slightly 
elevated portion at the center, the long diameter vertical and the 
transverse diameter about half that of the entire front; pilose 
area divided vertically by an indistinct carina ending in a small 
but distinct tooth just above the epistomal margin ; lateral non- 
pilose area moderately punctured, more roughly above, with very 



New Species of Ipidae from Maine 121 

fine and short hairs; epistomal margin sinuate, with a border of 
stiff hairs longer at the center (abraded in old specimens) ; eyes 
broad oval, broadly, rather deeply emarginate ; antenna of but 
little lighter color than the remainder of the body; club consider- 
ably longer than funicle, more than one-fourth longer than wide, 
with the first suture nearly straight, the second curved and the 
third strongly curved. 

Pronotum 1.26 times as long as wide ; sides subparallel for nearly 
two-thirds of the posterior part, then very slightly constricted and 
broadly rounded in front ; front margin feebly serrate ; anterior 
area moderately asperate ; summit prominent, with broad, deep, 
transverse depression posteriorly; median impunctate area of pos- 
terior half slightly elevated, disc and sides moderately but deeply 
punctured, with a few short fine hairs ; posterior marginal line 
distinct, slightly bisinuate. 

Elytra wider than pronotum, 1.86 times as long as wide; widest 
before the middle, sides subparallel, weakly arcuate, broadly 
rounded behind; striae not impressed except the first, strial punc- 
tures of moderate size, but deep and not arranged in regular rows, 
those of the interspaces numerous, and similar; disc shining, nearly 
glabrous; pubescence at sides not so sparse. Declivity narrowly, 
deeply sulcate, suture elevated, narrowed midway in the declivity 
but wider toward the summit and apex ; lateral prominences high, 
each with a sparse row of minute tooth-like granules ; hairs short 
and sparse. 

Male slightly smaller but of the same general proportions ; front 
similarly plano-convex, with a small, sub-circular area at the center 
clothed with short hairs and divided by an indistinct carina ending 
in an epistomal tooth which is coarser than in the female; with 
the outer area of the front coarsely and roughly punctured; 
lateral elevations of the declivity not quite so high, with the 
granules smaller and more sparse. 

Type — A female, Orono, Maine, Aug. 20, 1919, M. W. Black- 
man, collector; Lot No. M>155. 

Host Trees — Balsam fir (Abies baJsamea (Linn.) Miller), white 
pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce ' (Picea canadensis 
(Mill.) B., S. & P). 

Described from a small series of eight specimens obtained by the 
writer July 12, August 5 and 20, 1919. The beetles were found 
in their burrows in dying and recently dead twigs, the entrance 
opening always occurring at the base of a small branch. The 
nuptial chamber is large and the burrow as a whole often 
approaches the cave type characteristic of such species as Crypha- 
lus balsameus but some of the burrows also show short egg-galleries. 
The eggs are placed in niches either in the walls of the egg- 
galleries or in those of the nuptial chamber. 

In balsam twigs P. patchi was associated with P. canadensis Sw., 
P. balsameus n. sp. and Cryphalus balsameus Hopk. ; in white 
spruce with P. canadensis; while no associates were found in the 
same twigs from white pine. 



122 Neiv York State College of Forestry 

The species is named in honor of Dr. E. M. Patch, Entomologist 
for the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station. 

Pityophthorus biovalis n. sp. 

Description of adult female: Dark reddish brown; length, 
1.9 mm.; three times as long as wide. 

Front with a concave area of three-fourths of a circle, extending 
from eye to eye, bordered with moderately long, stiff, slightly in- 
curved hairs, divided longitudinally by an elevated ridge or carina 
which is sulcate along its summit and sparcely pubescent with 
short, stiff hairs on the upper two-thirds, with a rather deep, oval, 
glabrous and shining concavity at each side; epistomal margin 
sinuate, with short, stiff hairs slightly longer at the center. Eyes 
distinctly emarginate. Antennae lighter in color, club more than 
one and a half times as long as funicle, oval, first two sutures 
subequally arcuate. 

Pronotum 1.26 times as long as broad; sides subparallel on the 
posterior part, slightly constricted in front of middle, and broadly 
rounded anteriorly ; front margin serrate ; anterior half moderately 
asperate; summit prominent; transverse depression fairly pro- 
nounced; median and lateral impunctate areas slightly elevated; 
posterior half of pronotum moderately, rather finely, but deeply 
punctate on the disc and sides; posterior marginal line distinct, 
slightly sinuate. 

Elytra wider than thorax, sides slightly arcuate ; very broadly 
rounded (sub-truncate) behind; first stria impressed, the others 
not; strial punctures of moderate size, deep, in not entirely regu- 
lar rows; punctures of the interspaces nearly equal in size, not 
numerous but more so in the second interspace and at the sides, 
disc shining and appearing glabrous from above, but with a few 
short hairs which are more numerous and longer at the sides. 
Declivity abrupt, with rather deep, shining sulcus, suture elevated, 
rather narrow; lateral elevations high and abrupt, each with a 
row of small, irregular, blunt teeth along its summit. 

Male of the same general proportions, but slightly smaller 
(length 1.85 mm.) front plano-convex, sulcate along the median 
line, with a light reddish-brown, oval area at each side, each appear- 
ing spongy at its center, shining and glabrous at its periphery; 
declivity with sulcus narrower than in the female, with the lateral 
elevations apparently not so high, but with a blunt tooth-like 
prominence opposite the third interspace. 

Type — A female, Brunswick, Maine, June 29, 1919, M. W. 
Blackman, collector, N. Y. S. Col. For. Lot No. M-62-a. 

Host Trees — Red spruce (Picea rub ens Sarg.) and white pine 
(Pinus stroous L.). 

While but one specimen of each sex of this species was taken the 
characters, especially those relating to the female frons are so 
strikingly different from known forms that it is readily separated 
by them alone. The female was taken June 29 from the twigs of 



New Species of Ipidae from Maine 123 

red spruce felled a few weeks previously, where it was associated 
with P. briscoei n. sp., Dryocoetes americanus Hopk. being common 
in the larger portions of the limbs. The male was derived from 
white pine twigs from Mt. Desert Island, Maine, Aug. 19, 1919, and 
was there associated with P. pulicarius Zimm. 

Pityophthorus briscoei n. sp. 

Description of the adult female: Very dark brown, almost 
black; 2.0 mm. long, three times as long as wide. 

Front of head with a nearly circular concavity extending from 
eye to eye, with dense, yellowish brown plush-like pubescence, 
slightly longer at the lateral margins, divided by a median vertical 
sulcus which is shining, apparently impunctate and glabrous; 
above the concavity roughly punctured. Eyes rather finely granu- 
late, with the inner line narrowly emarginate. Antennal club 
longer than the funicle, with the first two sutures curved, the 
third more strongly arcuate. 

Pronotum 1.16 times as long as wide; sides subparallel behind, 
broadly rounded in front; front margin weakly serrate; anterior 
area moderately asperate; summit fairly prominent, wide trans- 
verse impression behind summit ; median, longitudinal, impunctate 
line hardly elevated; posterior half of pronotum deeply, rather 
finely punctured on the disc and sides, with very fine and short 
yellow hairs; ventral surface of the prothorax impunctate and 
glabrous behind, punctured anteriorly. 

Elytra slightly wider than thorax, 1.87 times as long as wide; 
with the sides faintly arcuate, widest at the middle; very broadly 
rounded behind and appearing sulcate-truncate from above; 
elytral striae not impressed, deeply, not coarsely punctured ; strial 
punctures somewhat irregular near suture and declivity and at 
the sides; interspaces smooth, shining, with punctures similar to 
those of striae, sparse on the disc, more numerous near the 
declivity and at the sides. Declivity steep, with moderately wide, 
deep, shining sulcus; suture slightly elevated, devoid of granules; 
lateral elevations moderate, each with a few small rather closely set 
tooth-like granules in a row on the third interspace. Disc with 
minute, short, inconspicuous hairs, longer and coarser at the sides, 
scarcely so behind. 

Male shorter and slightly wider; front flattened on a nearly 
circular area, rather coarsely and roughly punctured, with a dis- 
tinct median carina elevated into a sharp, laterally compressed 
tooth slightly above the epistomal margin, with a rough, transverse 
arcuate ridge at the level of the upper angle of the eyes ; declivity 
more deeply sulcate; lateral elevations each raised at its center 
into a blunt tooth-like prominence in the third interspace, with 
faint traces of granules along its anterior slope. 

Type — A female, Brunswick, Maine, June 29, 1919, M. W. 
Blackman, collector, N. Y. S. Col. For., Lot No. M-62-a. 

Host tree — Red spruce (Picea ruoens Sarg.). 



124 New York State College of Forestry 

Only three specimens of this quite distinct species were taken 
by the writer. They were taken from a single burrow in the 
smaller limbs of red spruce near Brunswick, Maine, June 29, 1919. 
The brood burrow was in a limb about one-half inch in diameter 
at the base of a smaller twig. Two longitudinal egg galleries, 
each slightly less than an inch in diameter extend in opposite 
directions. In one 15 eggs had been deposited, each in a side 
niche while in the other 13 had been laid. Some of these had 
hatched. This species Avas found in the same sort of material as 
P. biovalis n. sp. 

The species is named in honor of Prof. J. M. Briscoe, Professor 
of Forestry in the University of Maine. 

Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. 

Description of the female: Reddish brown, length 1.75 mm.; 
2.7 times as long as wide. 

Front flattened on an area of more than a semi-circle, impressed 
on its periphery, densely and finely punctured throughout, densely 
pubscent with fine hairs of moderate length; remainder of the 
front shining, finely and sparsely punctured; epistomal margin 
entire, no conspicuous marginal hairs. Antennal club conspicu- 
ously hairy, longer than funicle, about one-fourth longer than 
wide, first suture nearly straight, second and third procurved. 
Eyes finely granulate, emargination about as wide as deep. 

Fronotum 1.07 times as long as wide, widest posteriorly, sides 
sub-parallel for about half their length, then slightly constricted 
and rather narrowly rounded in front; anterior margin weakly 
serrate; anterior area moderately asperate; summit not promi- 
nent; posterior area with distinct impunctate median line; re- 
mainder of disc and sides rather finely, not densely punctured ; 
posterior marginal line fine but distinct. 

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum, widest at about the middle, 
1.7 times as long as wide; sides slightly arcuate to level of 
declivital origin, then evenly, narrowly rounded to the suture 
where they meet at an angle. Striae not impressed except sutural 
striae ; strial punctures fine, fairly deep near base and at the 
sides but becoming progressively shallower and finer posteriorly, 
those of the first three striae obsolescent on the disc behind ; inter- 
strial punctures very sparse ; disc of elytra glistening, glabrous ; 
sides sparsely pubescent with short, stiff hairs. Declivity shal- 
lowly sulcate with the sulcus shining ; suture moderately wide and 
elevated, very feebly granulate; lateral elevations inconspicuous, 
each with a sparse row of very small granules on the third inter- 
space, with one or two similar granules lateral to it, each bearing 
an inconspicuous, short, stiff hair. 

Male of about the same general proportions as the female; front 
rather coarsely, deeply, somewhate roughly punctured, with faint 
traces of a median carina; shining, glabrous or nearly so; epis- 
tomal margin entire with a scant border of short, stiff, yellow hairs ; 



New Species of Ipidae from Maine 125 

pronotum as wide as elytra or slightly wider; declivital sulcus 
deeper; lateral elevations, more pronounced, with coarser granules 
and longer, more conspicuous tactile hairs. 

Type — A female, Township 7-R-12, Maine, M. W. Blackman, 
collector; Lot M-115. 

Host Tree — White spruce (Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. 
and P.) 

The type series consists of fourteen specimens collected by the 
writer in Township 7-R-12 in the Chamberlain Lake region of 
Piscataquis County, Maine, July 24, 28, 1919. The beetles were 
removed from their brood burrows in the limbs of a white spruce, 
slightly injnred by a ground fire the preceding spring. The 
beetles breed in limbs from a half inch to an inch in diameter, 
the burrows being of the polygamous, radiate type, with the egg 
galleries which may reach a length of two inches, but are usually 
smaller, extending either longitudinally or obliquely from the 
nuptial chambers. 

There is considerable variation in size in the fourteen specimens 
studied, the type representing about the maximum of the series. 
The species is named in honor of Mr. H. B. Shepard, Forester for 
the Eastern Manufacturing Company of Bangor, Maine. 

Pityophthorus dentifrons n. sp. 

Description of the adult female: Very dark reddish brown, 
almost black ; 2.18 mm. long, 2.57 times as long as w r ide. 

Front flattened on an area of a little more than a semicircle, 
strongly impressed at the periphery, bordered with moderately 
long incurved hairs (not so long as in pulchellus) ; punctured 
finely but densely at the periphery which is bordered by a definite 
raised semicircular ridge, punctures becoming progressively 
sparser toward the center near the epistomal margin ; area divided 
by a very faint median carina. ' Eyes moderately granulate, rather 
deeply emarginate. Antenna! club one-half longer than funicle, 
nearly as wide as long, with first suture procurved, second and 
third progressively more strongly procurved, the first two sinuate. 

Pronotum slightly w T ider than long, arcuate on the sides behind, 
slightly constricted before the middle, rather narrowly rounded 
in front ; front margin distinctly serrate ; anterior half rather 
strongly asperate ; summit rather prominent ; transverse im- 
pression just posterior to summit moderately deep, divided by a 
median slightly raised impunctate line, and marked off laterally 
by two obliquely divergent, slightly raised, impunctate lines ex- 
tending only half way to the posterior margin of the pronotum, 
posterior margin distinct, feebly bisinuate. 

Elytra slightly wider than pronotum, 1.67 times as long as wide, 
sides sub-parallel to level of origin of declivity, broadly rounded 
posteriorly; striae scarcely impressed, sutural stria more strongly, 
with the punctures moderately coarse and deep, in fairly regular 
rows; interstrial punctures similar to those of the striae but very 



126 New York State College of Forestry 

sparse, interspaces rugulose; disc of elytra shining, nearly glab- 
rous, pubescence more abundant at sides. Declivity shallowly but 
widely sulcate, sulcus shining ; suture moderately wide and ele- 
vated, with a sparse series of rather coarse, blunt, tooth-like 
granules; lateral elevations each with a row of five or six similar 
granules on the third interspace, becoming larger posteriorly, each 
with a short stiff hair, with a few small granules lateral to it near 
the apex. 

Male with body of similar size and proportions; front flattened 
on a semicircular area, with a distinct median carina produced to 
form a distinct, laterally compressed tooth one-third of the dis- 
tance above the epistomal margin; slightly excavated at each side, 
rather coarsely and roughly punctured, pubescence inconspicuous; 
pronotum more broadly rounded in front ; elytra more narrowly 
rounded behind ; declivital armature not so coarse as in the female 
but similar. 

Type — A female, Orono, Maine, Aug. 1, 1919, M. W. Blackman, 
collector ; Lot No. M-122-a. 

Host plant — Picea rubens Sarg. 

This species is in some respects rather close to P. pulchellus 
Eichh. (hirticeps Lee.) and is very similar in general appearance. 
It may, however, be readily distinguished by the more narrowly 
rounded anterior margin of the pronotum, the more broadly 
rounded apex of the elytra, the lesser elevation of the suture on the 
declivity, but especially by the presence of the carina on the front 
of the head in both sexes and by the strongly developed frontal 
tooth in the male. It has been compared with LeConte's types of 
hirticeps and pusio both of which are believed to be synonyms of 
pulchellus and is distinctly different although closely allied. 

This species is described from a series of eighteen specimens 
taken from their burrows in the bark of a small spruce about six 
feet high which had been cut the preceding spring. The burrows 
are started near the base of a smaller branch and are of the radiate 
type with longitudinal, and diagonal egg galleries. Only the one 
lot of specimens was found in Maine. Additional specimens were 
also taken from red spruce June 15 and 28, 1921, at Cranberry 
Lake, N. Y., by Blackman and Fivaz. 

Cryphalus mainensis n. sp. 

Description of the adult female: Black; 1.63 mm. long, 2.23 
times as long as wide. 

Front of the head convex, shallowly, transversely impressed 
between the eyes ; surface sub-opaque, closely and roughly but 
not coarsely punctured, with a few fine short hairs; epistomal 
margin with a few short hairs, slightly emarginate and feebly 
elevated in the median line. Eyes finely granulate, the anterior 
line weakly emarginate. Antenna lighter in color; club twice as 
long as funicle, apparently with four sutures, of which all but 
the distal one (which is the least distinct) are nearly straight. 



New Species of Ipidae from Maine 127 

Fronotum 1.35 times as wide as Jong; widest posteriorly, sides 
arcuately rounded to the front, which is rather narrow; front 
margin with from three to seven serrations varying in size and 
arrangement but never with the first pair on each side contiguous 
as in balsameus; those on each side of the median line usually 
separated by a considerable space which is occasionally occupied 
by a small median serration; asperities rather sparse, irregularly 
distributed, occasionally several are contiguous or coalescent at 
their bases, asperate area concolorous; sides and rear of pronotum 
finely and densely granulate-punctate ; pubescence shorter than in 
balsameus. 

Elytra very slightly wider than prothorax 1.52 times as long as 
wide, nearly two and one-third times as long as thorax; sides sub- 
parallel, moderately rounded behind as viewed from above ; dis- 
tinctly punctate-striate, the punctures being more evident and 
the striae much more impressed than in balsameus and evident 
throughout their length ; interspaces very finely and densely punc- 
tured with numerous scale-like hairs and a median row of slender 
hairs in each interspace which are coarser and longer at the sides ; 
hairs from the strial punctures very fine and short. 

The male is usually smaller than the female and can be dis- 
tinguished by the more narrowly rounded elytra. 

Type— A female, Orono, Maine, July 17, 1919, M. W. Black- 
man, collector; Lot No. M-98. 

Additional Localities Loon Lake, Chamberlin Lake, Me., Cran- 
berry Lake, N. Y. 

Host Trees — Red spruce {Picea rubens Sarg.) white spruce 
• {Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. and P. 

This species is very similar in general appearance to C. bal- 
sameus Hopk. and is found in the same localities where the latter 
is abundant. It is readily distinguished, however, not only by its 
hosts but also by the character of the frons, the smaller and dif- 
ferently arranged pronotal serrations, the more strongly punc- 
tured and impressed elytral striae, the more evident hairs on the 
elytral disc and by other differences. It is distinguished from 
C. rubensis Hopk. by the slightly smaller size, darker color, the 
absence of the carinal line on the frons and the difference in the 
serrations of the pronotal margin. 

The type series consists of several hundred specimens taken by 
the writer in Maine during the summer of 1919, a short series 
from Cranberry Lake, N. Y., taken June 15, 1920, by Professor 
C. J. Drake and Mr. A. E. Fivaz from limbs of red spruce, and 
numerous specimens from the same locality taken by Blackman 
and Fivaz during the summer of 1921. 

The brood burrows are usually of the "cave" type similar to 
those of C. balsameus. However, several burrows containing 
several definite branch-galleries were found and in such cases the 
eggs were usually deposited in a small heap at the blind end of 
the gallery and covered with frass. In one case they had been 



128 New York State College of Forestry 

placed in definite egg-niches in the sides of a gallery. The usual 
type of burrow consists of an irregular cavity in the inner bark 
and outer sapwood. The eggs are laid in an irregular mass at 
any place in this cavity and are covered with the sawdust-like 
f rass which often fills nearly the entire chamber. After laying 
their eggs the adults will often leave their burrow, usually by bur- 
rowing a second opening up through the bark. Several such 
deserted burrows were found where the eggs were still unhatched. 
The burrows are most commonly, but by no means invariably, 
started at the base of a smaller twig. 

Other species of bark beetles associated with C. mainensis in the 
same limbs and twigs include Polygraphia rufipennis Kirby, 
Fityophthorus puberulus Lee, P. dentifrons n. sp., P. shepardi 
n. sp., P. opaeuluR Lee. and Xylechinus americanus n. sp. 



New Species of Ipidae from Maine 129 



PLATE VI 

New Maine Ipidae from original photographs by Hammond. 

All magnified about 14 diameters. 

Fig. 1, 2. Xylechinus americanus n. sp. 

Fig. 3. Pityophthorus balsameus n. srp., (J)- 

Fig. 4. Pityophthorus balsameus n. sp., ^. 

Fig. 5. Gryphalus nainensis n. sp. 

Fig. 6'. Pityophthorus biovalis n. sp. 

Fig. 7. Pityophthorus patchi n. sp. 

Fig. 8. Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. 

Fig. 9. Pityophthorus dentifrons n. sp. 



130 



New York State College of Forestry 





SSi 



mi 



i 









Plate VI. 



New Species of Ipidae from Maine 131 



PLATE VII 

From original photographs) by Hammond. 

Fig. 10, 11. Brood burrows of Xylechinus americanus n. sp. in the bark of 

white spruce. 
Fig. 12,. Brood burrows of Cryphalus mainensis n. sp. in bark of spruce. 
Fig. 13. Brood burrow® of Pityophthorus dentifrons n. sp. in the bark of 

white spruce. 
Fig. 14. Brood burrows of Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. in the bark of 

spruce. 



132 



New York State College of Forestry 




■■' '.''.':. ■ '■■ 







New Species of Ipidae from Maine 133 



PLATE VIII 

Drawings by Paul W. Stick-el. 

Fig. 15. Xylechinus americanus n. sp. dorsal view. 

Fig. 16. Front view of X. americanus n. sp. 

Fig. 17. Dorsal view of Pityophthorus balsameus n. sp. 

Fig. 18. Front view of male P. balsameus n. sp. 

Fig. 19. Front view of female P. balsameus n. sp. 



134 



New York State College of Forestry 




New Species of Ipidae from Maine 135 



PLATE IX 

Figures 20, 21 and 2i4 from drawings by A. F. Hough, figures 22 and 23 from 
drawings: by Paul W. Stickel. 

Fig. 20. Dorsal view of Pityophthorus patohi n. sp. 

Fig. 21. Front view of P. patchi n. sp. 

Fig. 22. Dorsal view of Pityopthorus dentifrons n. sip. 

Fig. 23. Front view of P. dentifrons n. sp. 

Fig. 24. Dorsal view of Pityophthorus shepardi n. sp. 



136 



New York State College of Forestry 



W 

Up 



^20. 







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Plate IX. 



TWO NEW BARK=BEETLES FROM COLORADO* 

By M. W. Blackman, Professor of Forest Entomology, New York 
State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. 

Ips guild I n. sp. 

Description of the adult female: Reddish brown to black 
in color; 2.7 mm. to 3.5 mm. long (type 3.37 mm.), 2.88 times as 
long as wide. 

Front of the head (Plate X, fig. 2) is flattened below, granu- 
late-punctate, with the epistoma widely and deeply emarginate, and 
bordered with yellow hairs, which are more numerous near the 
median line; convex above, densely, coarsely, rugosely punctured, 
with an impunctate elevated median carina, hairs rather short 
and sparse; the eyes are coarsely granulate, with the inner line 
broadly and shallowly emarginate; the antennae are much lighter 
in color, the club with the first suture straight at center, recurved, 
at the sides, second suture bisinuate. 

The pronotum (Plate X, fig. 1) is 1.17 times as long as wide, 
with the posterior angles broadly rounded, the sides subparallel 
to a point well in front of the summit, broadly rounded in front ; 
the anterior area densely and coarsely asperate, transversely de- 
pressed and densely granulate just behind the summit except in 
the median line, which is slightly elevated, smooth, shining and 
impunctate ; the rest of the disc, shining, sparsely punctured, the 
sides with coarser, more numerous punctures. Vestiture confined 
to the asperate area, sides and depressions behind the summit ; 
wanting on most of the disc. 

The elytra (Plate X, fig. 1) are slightly wider than the thorax, 
1.75 times as long as wide, with the sides parallel as far as the 
origin of the declivity, thence arcuately narrowed with the end 
truncate ; striae impressed, strial punctures coarse, deep, closely 
placed; interspaces rather narrow, with fewer, finer punctures 
arranged uniserially and becoming larger near the declivity where 
both strial and interstrial punctures become somewhat confused. 
The declivity (Plate X, figs, 1, 3) is abrupt, nearly perpendicu- 
lar, concave, with numerous coarse, deep punctures ; the sutural in- 
terspace elevated ; lateral margins prominent, each armed with three 
prominent, slender, conical, sharp, slightly incurved teeth; the 
first arising from the second interspace and directed candad- 
mesad ; the second longer, curved, from opposite the third inter- 
space and directed similarly; followed by a ridge which usually 
bears two large tubercles (or blunt, low, rudimentary teeth), the 
first in the fourth, the second in the fifth interspace; the third 
tooth is slightly larger than the second, only slightly curved and 



* Contribution No. 32 from the Department of Forest Entomology, New 
York State College of Forestry, Syracuse, N. Y. 

[137] 



138 New York State College of Forestry 

directed caudad, distinctly separate from the ridge above and 
from the strongly elevated acute posterior margin of the declivity, 
which is often slightly crenate and occasionally somewhat emargi- 
nate at the center. Vestiture abundant and moderately long. 

The male is similar but the frontal carina is usually lacking, 
the sculpture coarser and the declivital teeth are longer, coarser 
and more curved. 

This species is allied to I. latidens Lee. and /. longidens Sw. 
being especially closely related to the latter. It is, however, 
readily distinguished by the presence of the carina and by the 
coarser sculpture on the f rons ; by the differently shaped pronotum 
with its coarser, more numerous asperities, and by the coarser, 
better developed declivital armature as well as by other characters 
given in the description. 

Type — A female, Grand Lake, Colorado, March 4, 1921, E. R. 
Guild, collector; N. Y. S. Coll. For., Lot No. 1227. 

The type series contains twenty-three specimens taken from 
their burrows in the bark of lodgepole pine (Pinus Murray ana 
Elw.) near Grand Lake, Colorado, January 22 and March 4, 1921, 
by Mr. Eugene R. Guild, a former student, now a ranger in the 
National Park Service. The species is named in honor of Mr. 
Guild. 

Pityophthorus murrayanae n. sp. 

Description of the adult female: Reddish brown in color; 
2.2 mm. long, 3.14 times as long as wide. 

Front of the head (Plate X, fig. 5) flattened on a semicircular 
area which is very finely and very densely punctured and orna- 
mented with numerous very fine, very short hairs; epistomal 
margin thickened to form a lip which bears minute inconspicuous 
hairs; sides and upper part of frons more sparsely and coarsely 
punctured ; eyes rather finely granulate, strongly emarginate ; 
antenna pale yellow in color, the club oval, with the first two 
sutures straight and strongly chitinrzed, third suture arcuate and 
subparallel to the distal margin. 

Fronotum 1.1 times as long as wide; with the posterior angles 
rounded, the sides subparallel behind, rather abruptly narrowed in 
front of the middle, broadly rounded in front ; the anterior margin 
with broad, low serrations ; the asperities of the anterior area rather 
broad and low ; summit moderate ; posterior area shallowly de- 
pressed just behind the summit, surface shining, moderately punc- 
tured, with a distinct slightly elevated impunctate median line. 
Lateral margin of pronotum rather sharp behind; ventral surface 
punctured except in the posterior lateral angle. 

Elytra wider than the pronotum, nearly exactly twice as long 
as wide, with the sides subparallel, rounded behind the origin of 
the declivity and with the apex subacuminate ; the surface shining ; 
striae not impressed, the strial punctures of moderate size, rather 
closely arranged; the interspaces narrow, somewhat rugulose, with 



Two New Bark-beetles from Colorado 139 

the punctures nearly as large as those of the striae but very sparse. 
Declivity strongly sulcate with the punctures of striae 1 and 2, 
especially the latter, obsolescent; the suture rather wide and 
strongly elevated with a row of very fine granules ; the sulcus 
smooth, sub-opaque, moderately wide and deep; the lateral eleva- 
tions moderately high with a very few, very minute granules. 
The vestiture is scanty, the disc nearly glabrous, with short hairs 
at the sides and on the declivity. 

Male about the same size and proportions as female but differs 
in that the front of the head is transversely impressed below, with 
a small tooth just above the epistomal margin; the frons above 
strongly convex with a transverse carina between the eyes, which 
is angled at the center and there joined by a short median carnia 
extending from above; all of frons except carinae densely punc- 
tured, nearly devoid of hairs. The elytra are widest at the base 
with the sides weakly converging behind, the declivity more deeply 
sulcate, with the suture and lateral elevations more strongly 
granulate. 

Type — A female, Grand Lake, Colorado, December 30, 1920, 
E. R. Guild, collector; N. Y. S. C. F., Lot No. 1214. 

Described from a series of twenty-five specimens collected from 
the bark of the trunk of dying lodgepole pine trees near Grand 
Lake, Colorado, December 30, 1920, January 22 and February 18, 
1921, by Mr. E. R. Guild, of the National Park Service. 



140 New York State College of Forestry 



PLATE 10 

Fig. I. Ips. guildi n. sp. x. 21 dia. 

Fig. 2. Ips guildi n. sp., Front view. 

Fig. 3. Ips guildi n. sp. Posterior-lateral view of declivity. 

Fig. 4. Pityophthorus murrayanae n. sp. x 18 dia. 

Fig. 5. Pityophthorus murrayanae n. sp. Front view of the female 



Two New Bark-beetles from Colorado 



141 




1. 





" V -. 




A.XU«*ftson 




Plate X. 



DESCRIPTION OF HYLOCURUS PARKINSONIAE N. SP. 
With Revisional Notes on Hylocurus Eichh. and Micrais Lee. 

By M. W. Blackman 

Description of the adult male: Dark reddish-brown in color, 
2.17 to 2.4 mm. long, about 2.5 times as long as wide. 

The front of the head is convex-above, opaque, densely and 
coarsely granulate-punctate with numerous (often abraded), cla- 
vate, cinereous bristles, directed anteriorly ; with an arcuate, trans- 
verse, granulate carina separating the lower portion, which latter is 
transversely impressed, smoother, subopaque, with slightly longer, 
more slender hairs directed diagonally downward. The eyes are 
short oval, moderately coarsely granulate, with the inner margin 
entire. The antenndl scape is short, clubshaped, curved or twisted, 
with a few rather short hairs ; the funicle 6- jointed, 1 3/5 times 
as long as the scape, the pedicel wide, comprising more than 1/3 of 
length of funicle, distal segments slightly wider; the club short 
oval, first segment about 1/3 length of club, first suture very 
faintly sinuate, second similar and nearly parallel. 

The pronotum is 1.03 times as long as wide, widest behind the 
middle, with the sides behind subparallel; moderately rounded in 
front; anterior margin with low blunt serrations; asperities of 
the anterior area low, broad, moderately coarse; posterior area 
reticulate, subopaque, granulate-punctate, with very short, fine 
hairs. 

The elytra are wider than the pronotum; 1.5 times as long as 
wide, with the sides subparallel (slightly widened posteriorly), 
abruptly narrowed at the declivity, with a prominent sutural 
apex; surface rather feebly shining, nearly glabrous; punctate 
striate, with the striae deeply impressed posteriorly, with the punc- 
tures moderately coarse anteriorly but progressively coarser 
toward the declivital summit; interspaces narrower, with only a 
few punctures, shining anteriorly, subopaque near declivity, feebly 
convex anteriorly, but becoming carinate posteriorly and each 
ending at the declivital margin in a short, blunt tooth-like pro- 
jection. Declivity abrupt, oblique, the face convex, striae punc- 
tured, the punctures coarse near the margin but rapidly becoming 
finer toward the apex; suture elevated, granulate, with short, stiff 
hairs, second and alternate interspaces flat, unarmed, with a few 
hairs only near declivital margin ; third and alternate interspaces, 
more or less elevated, each with a few stiff hairs, third with from 
two to five small teeth or acute granules; fifth and seventh with 
one or more, ninth with the carina extending as far back as the 
base of the sutural apex, and, as seen from above, separated from 
this by a distinct notch. 

[142] 



Description of Hylocurus Parkinsoniae 143 

The fore tibia is slightly wider toward the distal end, with the 
two sides sinuate; anterior edge with a few weak serrations; ter- 
minal mucro long, curved at the end ; distal end obliquely truncate, 
armed with three submarginal teeth. 

The females vary from 1.7 mm. to 2.3 mm. (allotype, 2.1 mm.) 
long, 2.6 times as long as wide. The front is slightly more flat- 
tened than in the male, very finely granulate-punctate, the trans- 
verse carina lacking, with the pubescence similar and lacking or 
nearly so in a transverse line corresponding in position to the male 
carina ; the pronotum is similar to that of male but with the mar- 
ginal teeth smaller; the elytra are proportionately longer than in 
the male, slightly wider than pronotum, with the sides subparallel 
as far as declivity, then broadly rounded, and ending in the acute 
sutural apex; surface moderately shining, striae with punctures 
finer than in male, interstrial punctures and hairs more numerous, 
both more abundant and the hairs longer toward the declivity, 
the interspaces not becoming carinate posteriorly; declivity with 
the margin rounded and the face convex, the suture elevated, 
granulate and setose, second interspace, flat, unarmed, narrowed 
posteriorly, third, fifth and seventh elevated, each with several 
acute granules, ninth subcarinate but not sufficiently so to be 
visible from above. 

Type — A male, ex dead Parkinsonia; Ray, Arizona, E. A. 
Schwarz, collector. Allotype, a female, same labels. 

Described from a long series of specimens collected by E. A. 
Schwarz at Ray, Arizona, and by Hubbard and Schwarz at Fort 
Yuma, Arizona, all of them being obtained from dead Parkin- 
sonia sp. Type, allotype and numerous paratypes in the National 
Museum, paratypes in the author's collection. 

Specimens of this new species were given to the writer for 
description by Dr. E. A. Schwarz with the comment that they 
represented a new species of Hylocurus and that in his opinion 
LeConte's genus Micracis should probably be submerged in Eich- 
hoff's Hylocurus. The literature was examined with the following 
results: The genus Hylocurus was described by Eichhoff* in 
1871 (pp. 133, 134) to include a single species from Mexico — 
Hylocurus elegans. The same author later (1879,t pp. 298-301) 
described the genus more fully and added descriptions of two 
new species — H. discifer from Venezuela and H. alienus from 
Cuba. The revised description (1. c. p. 298) reads as follows: 

"Head globular, retracted, mentum oblong, narrow toward the 
base, ligula small, mentum inserted near apex. * * ■ * ■ Antennal 
funicle 6-jointed, 1st joint globose, thick, 2nd much narrower, the 
following transverse, becoming progressively wider, club sub- 
globose, compact. Tibia sublinear. Tarsal joints 1, 2, 3 eoual." 



* Eichhoff, W., 1871, Neue exotische Tomiciden — Arten. Berl. Eht. Leitschr, 
Vol. 15, pp. 131-137. 
f Eichhoff, W., 1879, Ratio Tomicmorum; Brussels. 



144 New York State College of Forestry 

In 1895 Blandford* (pp. 220-225) redescribes the genus and 
adds seven new species from Mexico and Guatemala. His generic 
description is fuller and more definite and differs also in his recog- 
nition of the sexual differences. The essential portions of his 
description follows : ' ' The antennae have a rather short, curved, 
clubbed scape, a six- jointed funiculus, the joints of which are 
monilif orm, the third to the sixth transverse and increasing moder- 
ately in thickness; the club is short-oval, compact, and shining, 
crossed by two curved, fringed sutures. The tibiae are narrow, 
slightly wider apically, the anterior pair unarmed, except for two 
short spines at the upper apical angle. The elytra are more 
or less strongly punctate-striate, the punctures often much 
dilated and cribriform posteriorly ; at the apex they are produced 
into a common mucro, as in Micracis. The sexual differences in 
their structure are important and were not recognized by Eichhoff. 
In the male the interstices become subcarinate as they approach 
the declivity, round which they form a marginal series of short 
teeth, carinae, or, in one species, acute spines, and they may be 
elevated above the general surface so that the sides of the elytra 
appear to diverge behind; the declivity itself may be convex or 
retuse and nearly vertical, elevated near the suture alone, and it 
may be sculptured differently from the horizontal portion. In 
the female the elytra are regularly and strongly declivous behind 
the declivity being convex, with no marginal tubercles round its 
upper border." 

In his characterization of the genus Hagedornf (1910, pp. 118- 
119) describes the eye as elliptical with the anterior margin emar- 
ginate, and the antennal club as solid, without sutures. 

It is thus apparent that the characterizations of the genus 
Hylocurus Eichh. contained several ambiguities and discrepancies. 
This is especially true of the descriptions of the antennal club 
which Eichhoff describes as "Solida" which might be translated 
as " solid" (presumably without sutures) or merely as ''compact." 
His figure, however, shows two distinct sutures and Hagedorn is 
manifestly wrong in describing it as "solid, without sutures." 
As has been shown recently by the writer,^ the structure of the 
antennae and the foretibiae are of the greatest importance in de- 
termining the genera and species of this group. On the basis of 
such differences especially, the North American species included 
by LeConte in his genus, Micracis were divided into three groups 
of at least sub-generic grade : Micracis represented by M . sutur- 
alis and its allies ; Pseudomicracis represented by M. opacicollis 
Lee. and M. nanula Lee. ; and Micracisoides represented by 



* Blandford, W. F. H., 1895, Family Scolytidae, Biologia Cent. Amer., Col., 
Vol. IV pt. 6, pp. &1-J298, 

f Hagedorn, M., 1910, Genera Insectorum, Coleopt.,. Family Ipidae, pp. 
1-178, 14 pi. 

t Blackman, M. W., 1921, North American Ipidae of the Subfamily Micra- 
cinae, Miss. Agr. Exp. Stat., Tech. Bull., No. 9. 



Description of Hylocurus Parkinsoniae 145 

M. rudis Lee and its allies. It is now believed that the latter 
group is more closely allied to the described species of Hylocurus 
than to the true Micracis of LeConte of which M . suturalis Lee. 
is the genotype. Thus in the writer's opinion the genus Micracis 
Lee, represented by M. hirtellus Lee, M. suturalis Lee, M. meridi- 
anus Blackm., M. populi Sw. and M. swainei Blackm. and by 
M. opacicollis Lee and M . nanula Lee of the subgenus Pseudomi- 
cracis, should stand. 

Hylocurus Eichh. then should include not only the species of 
that genus described by Eichhoff and by Blandford but also 
H. parkinsoniae described herewith, and the following species 
hitherto included with Micracis — rudis Lee oiorois Blackm., 
oicornus Blackm., Jiarnedi Blackm., and langstoni Blackm. These 
species agree with Blandford 's redescription of the genus in all 
respects except in the extreme differences between the sexes. 
Even in this respect langstoni shows similar secondary sexual 
characters but these are not developed to such an extraordinary 
degree. In Jiarnedi the sexual differences consist especially in the 
arrangement and size of certain teeth upon the declivity and in 
the greater elevation of the ninth interspace in the male. In rudis, 
oiorois and oicornus the sexes can be best distinguished by frontal 
characters, but are also indicated by the slightly coarser sculpture 
and the greater elevation of the ninth interspace in the males. 

The arrangement then of this division of the subfamily should 
be as follows : 

A. Antennal club with distinct sutures on the outer face, scape 
clavate or flattened and subtriangular, funicle 6- jointed. 
B. Posterior end of elytra drawn out to form an acuminate 
sutural apex. 

C. Antennal scape club-shaped, with a few short or 

moderate hairs, antennal club with first suture 
broadly curved ; eyes short oval, widely separated 
above and beneath ; fore tibiae slightly wider 
distally, with both edges sinuate, outer edge 
weakly serrate, distal end with 2-4 marginal 
teeth. 

Genus Hylocurus Eichhoff 

CC. Antennal scape flattened, subtriangular, with 
numerous long hairs, club with first suture angu- 
late or narrowly curved, eyes large, elongate, 
more coarsely granulate, contiguous, narrowly 
or moderately separated beneath ; fore tibiae with 
outer edge nearly straight. 

Genus Micracis Le Conte 

D. Eyes moderately separated beneath, inner margin 

entire ; fore tibiae with sides subparallel, both 
nearly straight, outer edge entire, terminal mucro 
wide and large. 



146 New York State College of Forestry 

Sub genus Micracis 

DD. Eyes contiguous or very narrowly separated be- 
neath, inner margin emarginate ; fore tibiae with 
inner edge sinuate, outer edge nearly straight, 
terminal mucro more slender. 

Sub genus Pseudomicracis 

BB. Posterior end of elytra conjointly rounded without 
sutural apex. (The remainder of the subfamily 
arranged as in the Key on p. 7, Miss. Agri. Exper. Sta., 
Tech. Bull., No. 9.) 



Description of Hylocurus Parkinsoniae 147 



EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI 

Fig. 1. Hylocwrus parkinsoniae n. sp. male. 
Fig. 2. Hylocwus parkinsoniae n. sp. female. 
Fig. 3. Front view of male of H. parkinsoniae n. sp. 

Fig. 4. Posterior view of elytral declivity of the male of H. parkinsoniae 
n. sp. 



148 



New York State College of Forestry 







PMl 



Plate XI. 



THE LIFE HISTORY OF TWO SPECIES OF NABIDAE 
(HEMIP. HETEROP.) 

Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut. 

By F. G. Mundinger 

The Nabidae as a group are wandering herb-inhabiting species 
spending most of their time on grass and low bushes. They are 
small in size, ranging from about six to ten millimeters in length. 
The general color is reddish-brown except for two species Pagasa 
fusca Stein and Nabis subcoleoptratus Kirby, which are black. 
The body is elongate-oval in shape and the legs are long and well 
adapted for walking. The proboscis is long and pointed and when 
not in use extends back between the prothoracic coxae. The eyes 
are coarsely granulated, bulging and located dorso-laterally on the 
sides of the head. The general attitude assumed by the members 
of this family, with the head slightly raised, the suggestively eager 
way of carrying the beak and the protruding apparently all-seeing 
eyes, gives them a most alert and war-like appearance. 

The species most commonly found with Nabis roseipennis Reut. 
and Nabis rufusculus Reut. in the Cranberry Lake region are 
Nabis limbatus Dahlb and Nabis ferus Linn. 

The eggs of only two species of this family have been described, 
namely, Nabis ferus and Nabis rufusculus. Nabis roseipennis 
because it is better illustrated is considered first in this paper, 
and Nabis rufusculus being very similar in both appearance and 
habits is treated with reference to the former but follows in a 
separate discussion. 

Economic Importance 

The economic value of the members of this family is as yet a 
matter of only rough estimate since the bionomics of but one 
species is so far known. 

Dr. Osborn (1918), in his article on "The Meadow Plant Bug, 
Miris dolobratus Linn.," found Nabis ferus a species closely allied 
to N. roseipennis and N. rufusculus, to be a formidable enemy to 
this destructive plant bug. In their work on the "Corn-ear 
worm " Carman and Jewett (1907) found Nabis (Coriscus) ferus 
to prey also upon this larva infesting the corn plant. N. rufus- 
culus has been shown by Brunner and Swenk (1907) to attack 
and kill the hessian fly which is a great pest in wheat fields. 
Woods (1915), in his paper on "Blueberry Insects in Maine," 
describes N. rufusculus as feeding on the many small insects which 
the blueberry harbors. 

Aphids, plant bugs, leaf -hoppers, and many other small insects 
are found in quantities in grasses during the summer season. It 
has been found that some of them, probably most of them, are 

[149] 



150 New York State College of Forestry 

injurious to stands of grass, oats, hay, etc. Hence, N. roseipennis 
and N. rufuscalus feeding on such insects must be considered as 
economically important. The presence of nabids on plants is not 
entirely beneficial, for it is undoubtedly true that by their habits 
of oviposition they may, when present in great numbers, do some 
injury. However, it is more reasonable to believe that what slight 
harm is done in ovipositing in such material as grass-stalks is more 
than offset by their suppression of plant-feeding insects. 

Methods 

The first specimens used in this experiment were collected on 
June 10th. They were all females and were captured by sweeping 
the grass with a strong net. At this early date no nymphs were 
found, so the mature nabids had in all probability hibernated over 
winter. 

Six wooden boxes were filled with dirt, and small plants placed 
in them. In one box was placed a raspberry slip, in another a 
goldenrod stalk and in the remaining boxes, grass-stalks. These 
plants were all carefully examined to avoid using any material 
already containing eggs or harboring insects of any kind. Ordi- 
nary glass lantern globes were then fitted with fine wire-mesh 
removable tops and placed over the growing plants in the boxes. 

The cages so prepared were placed in a long tray at one side 
of the insectary. This structure was screened but otherwise open 
on three sides, giving the plants practically the same conditions 
for growth which they had in their former habitat. 

The first specimens collected were placed on the plants on 
June 10th. Every morning each plant was examined and the 
habits of the nabids observed. This was especially for the purpose 
of noting when the first eggs were laid so that a careful record 
of oviposition could be kept. Every second day about half a 
dozen aphids or other small insects were placed in each cage. By 
the thirteenth of June six cages were in operation, each containing 
one female, and two containing male and female. 

On the sixteenth of June the females began to oviposit, and since 
the grass-stalks seemed most preferred, the other plants were dis- 
carded, grass-stalks replacing them. One raspberry slip also was 
found to contain many eggs and was set aside. 

Because of the peculiar habit of the female in laying her eggs, 
it was often difficult to distinguish the eggs oviposited at a certain 
time from others laid in among them perhaps the next day. The 
most accurate way of keeping this data was by numbering the 
sides of the boxes and designating the eggs by their position on 
the stalk in relation to the number on the side of the box. 

On the thirtieth of June the specimens were again changed to 
new plants, since the egg-laying period was drawing to a close 
and the grass-stalks were well filled with eggs. This allowed 
a closer study of the hatching eggs and also of the habits of the 
mature nabids, which still laid a few eggs. 



, The Life History of Two Species of Ndbidae 151 

On hatching, the small, white nymphs, barely visible to the naked 
eye, were collected from the plants by means of a camels-hair-brush 
and placed in petri dishes, one or two in a dish. Each receptacle 
had been cleaned and a raspberry leaf placed within. Upon the 
leaf a drop or two of water was put, and also food in the form 
of aphids — one large one or two small ones per nymph. Each 
dish was numbered according to the box from which the specimens 
were taken, and the date of hatching placed upon it. Besides this, 
each additional dish was marked by a separate letter, date of begin- 
ning and other data as above. There were times when many 
nymphs had to be placed in one dish because of their great num- 
bers. Over fifty cages were in operation at one time. 

Every day observations of each dish were taken and the dishes 
thoroughly cleaned and supplied with a fresh leaf, water and food. 
Two nymphs from each instar were placed in alcohol for future 
study. One was taken as near the beginning of the instar as 
possible, and the other as close to the end of the instar as possible. 
Careful records were made of dates of moulting. By these methods 
about twelve specimens were carried successfully through to the 
adult stage. A later chart will show the mortality during this 
time, but it must be remembered that this includes the specimens 
preserved throughout the various instars. 

Nabis roseipennis 

N. roseipennis, commonly known as one of the blond damsel 
bugs, was first described by Reuter in 1872. It belongs to the 
order Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera, family Nabidae Costa, 
subfamily Nabinae Reuter and genus Nabis Latriele. 

Distribution 

N. roseipennis is practically transcontinental in North America, 
occurring from British Columbia to Colorado and New Brunswick 
to Virginia. It has been reported from the following regions north 
of Mexico; Northern Canada, Western Canada, Ontario, Maine, 
New York, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Pennsyl- 
vania, Delaware, New Jersey, District of Columbia, Ohio, Wis- 
consin, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas and Colorado. 

Genitalia 

For a proper understanding of some of the observations later 
recorded, some knowledge of the genitalia and ovipositors is 
necessary. 

In the male, the last segment of the abdomen is hollowed-out 
at each side dorso-laterally and accommodates a clasp er in each 
concavity. The clasper in general outline is spoon-shaped, as shown 
in Fig. 32, with the extreme ends bent slightly out of the same 
plane. It is fastened at the smaller posterior end and extends 
forward. A few hairs arise from this posterior portion. The 



152 New York State College of Forestry 

anterior end of the clasper is expanded into a thin, flat area, the 
upper margin of which terminates in a spine-like process. 

The claspers of N. roseipennis compared with those of N. rufus- 
culus show a considerable difference in shape. The form of clasper 
varies for each species of the family and has served as one of the 
specific characters of the species. 

The Ovipositor 

The ovipositor of the female is quite prominent and located on 
the postero-ventral side of the abdomen. The last segment has 
in its surface a wide groove, and it is in this that the folded 
ovipositor lies. It is cylindrical for about two-thirds its length, 
but at the extreme posterior third is expanded into a structure 
consisting of two closely approximated, spoon-shaped parts. The 
entire ovipositor is quite hairy, the longest hairs being on the 
posterior end. 

On dissection, the external egg apparatus is seen to consist of 
six parts arranged in three pairs. The first or outermost pair 
forms an enclosing sheath and is translucent, the dark stylets 
showing through them as a long, brown streak, when they are 
closed. They are hollowed-out and slightly curved, the extreme 
posterior portion being spoon-shaped as stated above. The middle 
pair consists of two long, narrow stylets, brown in color and very 
hard and chitinous. They are also slightly curved and grooved 
to accommodate the third or innermost pair. These are a little 
shorter and heavier than the middle pair and their points are 
spirally-serrated. This third pair is also widely grooved and when 
placed in approximation forms a tube through which the egg passes 
and is placed in position in the stalk or leaf. 

In Fig. 29 the second and third pairs are drawn as they are 
normally fitted into one another. In Fig. 30, the ovipositor of 
N. rufusculus, these parts are shown entirely separated and may 
be referred to for N. roseipennis because of the similarity. 

Considerable force is used by the nabid in piercing a stem with 
the stylets and this led to a search for some supporting structures 
at the base of the ovipositors. 

Just under the chitinous covering of the last abdominal segment 
was found what might be called a supporting or reinforcing struc- 
ture. It consists of two pairs of arched chitinous bands connecting 
the base of the ovipositors with two other chitinous bands running 
posteriorily along the lateral edges of the last segment on each side 
and just inside the connexivium. From the middle point of each 
side of the sheath of the ovipositors a band is given off perpendicu- 
larly to the sheath and curving over the abdomen uniting with 
the lateral bands near the junction of the first two and their union 
with the lateral bands. There is also a third band, a continuation 
of the anterior ends of the lateral bands, which arches over the 
segment just anterior to the bases of the ovipositors. This band 
completes the several structures of the region. 



The Life History of Two Species of Nabidae 153 

Oviposition 

Oviposition might be explained theoretically as follows: With 
the bending-under of the abdomen the muscles locking the sheath 
are relaxed, allowing its two sides to spring apart. At the same 
time the ovipositors are let down and perhaps the initial piercing 
done by the longer stylets. The innermost pair probably does most 
of the rasping and drilling after the surface is ruptured, using 
the second pair as a sleeve through which they are able to operate 
up and down. The longer stylets also may aid in spreading the 
opening during the passage of the egg and the withdrawal of the 
innermost pair. The two spoon-shaped structures of the first pair 
probably aid as egg guides. 

Oviposition is an interesting phenomenon to watch. The first 
part' of the process seems to be that of testing the grass-stalk at 
various places with the proboscis. If a nabid has oviposited at a 
particular spot on a stem, she is quite sure to return to the same 
vicinity a second or a third time. 

On June 17th a nabid was seen near the top of a grass-stalk 
probing it with her proboscis. After a short time this was stopped 
and the abdomen bent forward and under. The first two pairs of 
legs were holding firmly to the opposite side of the grass-stalk. 
Almost immediately the ovipositors were seen to swing downward 
slowly. This motion was so slow and steady as to remind one of 
the mechanical manipulation of a heavy piece of steel. The ends 
of the stylets touched the grass-stalk near where the proboscis had 
been. They were at first perpendicular to the stalk. There was 
an apparent straining and a rhythmic jabbing motion of the 
abdomen. The female seemed to exert every ounce of her effort 
to pierce the outer grass wall. Sometimes with all the straining 
she was unable to force her stylets in, then again after only a 
short trial they would suddenly sink into the stem for their entire 
length. They appeared to be guided somewhat by the female after 
breaking through the hard exterior of the stalk. 

Several of these operations were timed. Once the ovipositor 
was found to remain inserted for three minutes and ten seconds, 
another time for three minutes and thirty-five seconds, and a third 
time for only thirty seconds. On the withdrawal of this egg- 
apparatus nothing can be seen until after a few hours. The plant 
tissues gradually shrink away from around the distal end of the 
egg revealing the little egg-caps. 

There were cases in which nabids had oviposited through thin 
blades of grass, the eggs extending entirely through and hanging 
merely by means of the enlarged egg-caps. Some eggs were 
inserted similarly, but with the distal end down. These eggs so 
exposed to the air, did not seem to shrivel or lose their smooth 
outline. 

The females were found to lay from fifteen to sixty-five eggs 
each, and to have a laying period of about eighteen days. Since 
these specimens may already have been laying before they were 
captured, the figures in this respect are merely tentative. 



154 New York State College of Forestry 

The Egg 

The egg of N. roseipennis is about 1.78 mm. long and of a 
glistening blueish- white color. It is elongate-oval in shape and 
slightly curved toward the distal end, where there is a feeble con- 
striction. Beyond this portion it widens again to receive the white 
hood. This hood is very distinctive and serves easily to distinguish 
the egg from that of N. rufusculus. 

The incubation period varies from seventeen to nineteen days. 
At the end of this period the hood is loosened by some force within 
the egg and the nymph gradually and very slowly emerges. The 
whole phenomenon has much the appearance of growth as there 
seems to be no movement on the part of the nymph at first. The 
head is first seen pressing against the hood and pushing it along 
for a few seconds. As the nymph emerges further the hood slides 
off from the head and falls at the side of the egg-shell, but still 
attached by a thin filament. 

The head of the emerging nymph is bent slightly ventrad, the 
antennae, proboscis and legs being in close approximation, making 
the whole mass appear quite compact. It is shining and nearly 
colorless except for the brown bead-like eyes. When the nymph 
has emerged far enough so that the prothoracic legs are free, they 
are feebly used in drawing out the rest of the body. This is true 
for each pair of legs. The nymph finally emerges and stands near 
the empty shell, still having the abdomen attached to the filament 
holding the egg-cap, by a slender thread-like substance. This is 
soon broken and the nymph seems to remain motionless for a very 
short time. This is doubtless done to allow the chitin to harden, 
since in many instances the legs are not at all able to support the 
weight of the nymph when first hatched. The period of rest is, 
however, a very short one and soon the young nymph is scamper- 
ing off for food and drink. 

After hatching, all that can be seen of the egg-shell is the some- 
what irregularly-shaped opening about level with the surface of 
the grass-stalk and the hood lying at one side attached by the bent 
filament. Drawings' of the egg before incubation and after, are 
shown in Figs. 9, 10, 11 and 12. 

First Instar 

The nymphs on first hatching are about 1.4 mm. long and nearly 
colorless, becoming whitish after a short time. The nymph as seen 
from above is bluntly pointed at each end; proboscis very long, 
reaching beyond metathoracic coxae ; legs transparent and length- 
ened out of proportion to body; tarsi with proximal segment very 
short and distal segment much longer ■ each division of thorax with 
four hairs on dorsal surface, two near the center of the segment 
and one near each lateral edge; prothorax with median furrow; 
meso- and metathorax depressed below the level of the prothorax 
and abdomen, most strongly depressed medially ; abdomen strongly 



The Life History of Two Species of Nabidae 155 

arched, the segments easily determined, each bearing four hairs 
similar in arrangement to those on the thorax, the outermost row 
arising from spiracles along the margins, the sixth segment having 
the largest spiracles and the longest hairs; three large light spots 
on central dorsum of segments three, four and five respectively; 
eyes large, semi-circular in outline as seen from the side, coarsely 
granulated, and reddish brown in color; two prominent hairs on 
dorsum of head above eyes ; antennae about twice as long as body, 
hairy, the segments being longer successively as they approach 
the distal end ; base of antennae dark, dark streak extending nearly 
to eye ; first antennal segment with dark streak beneath and black 
ring at distal end; prothoracic femora well-developed, with row 
of teeth along inner side, each giving rise to a hair-like bristle, 
and a similar row on ventral side, also dark subapical spots ; meso- 
thoracic femora hairy and with dusky, subapical spots; meta- 
thoracic femora with six long hairs along inner side and red 
apical ring; all tibia hairy; tarsi with thin covering of hairs and 
darkened at outer end. 

As the nymphs grow older the body becomes yellowish-white in 
color, also the legs; brownish streaks appear on disc of thorax 
near lateral margins ; lateral edges of abdomen become compressed ; 
central area, brownish; third segment pigmented and well-defined 
at edges. 

Second Instar 

Length at beginning of second instar is about 2.58 mm., and 
form assuming more that of mature nabid; translucent to color- 
less at first; antennae a little longer than body; proboscis with 
dark central streak and extending beyond mesothoracic coxae; 
thoracic terga greenish in color and not extending to lateral mar- 
gins; pleural region of thorax dusky, a white streak running 
between this region and the dorsal terga; ventral portion of 
abdomen becoming well rounded, lateral edges unpigmented and 
prominent; small black spots at bases of teeth on first and second 
femora. 

At the end of the instar the streaks along dorsal margins of the 
thorax become brownish ; central areas of second and third abdom- 
inal segments olive-green ; third and fourth segments with patches 
of green; red spots on third segment and a few irregular dashes 
of red on central dorsum of segments three, four and five; dorsal 
terga of abdomen not reaching to lateral margins; spots notice- 
able on metathoracic tibia; terminal segment reddish. 

Third Instar 

Length of nymph about 2.87 mm. ; body longer in proportion to 
width than in second instar ; antennae about one-quarter longer 
than bpdy ; tylus dusky at sides ; two distinct dusky lines appear- 
ing on dorsum of head; dusky design beginning on disc of pro- 
thorax; mid-dorsum of first and second abdominal segments with 



156 New York State College of Forestry 

small, greenish patches ; third segment with large, green patch 
and central, red spot; last abdominal segment dusky; abdomen 
hairy on ventral side; pro- and mesothoracic femora with large, 
dark patches ; small, stiff bristles appearing on ventral side of pro- 
thoracic femora ; small teeth appearing on inner side of first tibia ; 
metathoracic tibia well spotted, 

At the end of the instar wingpads appear definitely outlined; 
margins of abdomen wide and whitish; triangular white spots 
at postero-lateral corners of each abdominal segment very notice- 
able; tarsi greenish at outer ends. 

Fourth Instar 

Length about 4.7 mm. ; antennae about as long as body, the two 
distal segments light greenish in color; two dark spots between 
hinder portions of eyes; greenish patch on each side of head pos- 
terior to eyes; black design on prothorax further developed and 
median red streak present ; wingpads growing larger, tips of meta- 
thoracic pads reaching posterior of first abdominal segment, both 
pairs of wingpads, olive-green with a few white spots; median 
area of meso- and metathorax colorless ; inverted " U " on dorsum 
of anterior end of abdomen and red spots at centers of first few 
segments ; row of six round, greenish dots at under side of lateral 
edges ; dusky bars beginning to form on outer sides of prothoracic 
femora. 

At the end of the instar, sides of tylus are very dark; anterior 
dorsum of head dusky; red streak along posterior median line; 
red median line on thorax and red spot on center of each abdom- 
inal segment ; tips of mesothoracic wingpads nearly equal in length 
to those of the metathorax; coarse hairs on venter of thorax and 
abdomen. 

Fifth Instar 

Length about 4.87 mm. ; body becoming proportionally broader 
than in the previous instar; proboscis reaching first coxae; 
antennae about as long as body; dark markings on head more 
conspicuous; design on disc of prothorax further developed and 
medial, red line present ; mesothoracic wingpads grown so that the 
tips overlap about one-half on the fourth abdominal segment, 
longer and narrower than the metathoracic wingpads ; abdominal 
margins well defined and slightly thickened; dusky "V" on 
dorsum and also light rectangular area; red dashes in a line along 
mid-dorsum of abdomen, posterior segment hairy; the many small 
bristles on under sides of pro- and mesothoracic femora longer and 
the teeth appear smaller in proportion than before. 

At the end of the instar the design on the thorax is completed ; 
head dusky on ventral side; large spine forming on prosternum; 
center of mesothoracic disc with red design; each segment of 
abdomen except the last two with long, red dashes at extreme 
lateral edges; two red spots on head behind eyes; row of green 



The Life History of Two Species of Nabidae 157 

patches along sides of abdomen below lateral edges; ovipositor of 
female in process of formation ; mesothoracic femora becoming 
barred and tibia quite heavily spotted; beginning of suture out- 
lining inner edge of clavus; distal segment of tarsi beginning to 
divide into two parts. 

Habits of Nymphs 

The habits of the young nymphs were quite interesting to 
observe. As soon as their legs were strong enough to support their 
weight, they were off on their quest for food. The usual behavior 
when there was no food in sight was to amble along slowly over 
the surface of a leaf or stem, prodding at it with the proboscis. 

The predaceous character of the family is revealed very early 
in the life of the young nymph. One-day-old nymphs were seen 
attacking aphids twice their size, thrusting the sharp proboscis 
with great precision into the abdomens of their victims. Some- 
times the aphid in an attempt to escape would pull the nabid 
along bodily for a short distance, finally freeing itself. Very sel- 
dom did all the nymphs placed in one dish reach maturity. It was 
usually a hard-fought contest, with the most aggressive subduing 
and eating the others. In feeding, the prey was pierced in various 
places and the body juices sucked out. Even the coloring-matter 
of the eyes was extracted and usually when a nymph was through 
feeding the body of its victim collapsed. The completeness with 
which this extraction is done is remarkable. 

The nymphs were hearty eaters, especially the younger ones, 
which fed almost continuously. They were also fond of water, 
one nymph having been observed with its proboscis inserted in a 
drop of water for four minutes and apparently drinking. When 
teased with a needle or a straw, they would often accept the chal- 
lenge to combat. 

The small nabids were also seen frequently cleaning the pro- 
boscis and antennae. This was accomplished by drawing the struc- 
tures between the approximated distal ends of the tibia. On close 
examination, these were found to have a row of spine-like hairs 
at their outer ends which serve as excellent scrapers or brushes 
in removing small patches of old moult-skin or other foreign 
particles. 

Moulting 

A number of nymphs were observed in the process of moulting. 
This is an interesting phenomenon and takes place as the nymph 
stands on the upper side, or clings to the lower side of a leaf. 
Just before moulting as was stated, the nymph is usually sluggish 
in its actions, the abdomen becoming whitish, probably because 
of the expulsion of all foecal matter. The nymph assumes a 
position as shown in the drawing in Fig. 16, legs well spread apart, 
especially the metathoracic pair which appear braced. The head 
is bent downward so that the probosis is close to the ventral side 



158 New York State College of Forestry 

of the thorax along with the antennae. The skin breaks along the 
mid-dorsal line from the head to about the center of the abdomen. 
The body within is bowed upward and the prothorax is the first 
part seen to come through the slit, later the head is withdrawn. 
The legs are packed close together and by an up and down motion 
of these, much like a pumping action, the nymph climbs out of its 
old skin which remains standing. 

A specimen- was timed during the fourth moult, as follows: The 
skin split about 9 : 44 a. m. At 9 : 51 the proboscis and one antenna 
had been withdrawn ; soon after that the other antenna ; next a 
front leg was worked free and gradually all of them, and the 
nymph stood quietly bracing himself, his abdomen still attached 
to the moult-skin. This he finally separated himself from by push- 
ing against it with his hind feet. At 9 : 58 a. m. the process was 
completed, just fourteen minutes after the dorsal split occurred. 

Directly after moulting the movements of the head and legs 
were very feeble. At this time in the earlier instars the nymphs 
were nearly colorless except for red spots on the femora, antennae, 
and the reddish eyes. In the later instars, the first appearance 
after moulting was a dead-white, red spots appearing on the first 
and second antennal joints, on the head and also at the apical ends 
of the femora. The eyes have a reddish-brown appearance and the 
coxae are transparent and glass-like. 

The spots first appearing red, usually turn black after a short 
time. One exception to this is the apical spot of the femora which 
sometimes remains a reddish-brown. 

The nymph is not in its new covering long before it hardens and 
begins to color. That this pigment is merely in the outer skin is 
shown by a study of the old moult-skin, and that it is produced by 
cells underlying it is shown by the absence of color in the newly 
acquired skin. 

The Adult 

N. roseipennis is found in both the long-winged and short-winged 
form. Length of adult male about 5.9 mm.; widest part of pro- 
thorax 1.4 mm. ; widest part of abdomen 1.9 mm. ; color red-brown 
with dusky markings; general shape elongate-oval; female about 
7.1 mm. long; widest part of prothorax 1.6 mm.; widest part of 
abdomen 2.3 mm. ; female wider proportionally through abdomen 
than male, and with darker markings; antennae not quite as long 
as body, second joint dark at apical end and the two distal joints 
dark; eyes large, dark red and bulging; tylus dark along sides; 
dusky converging lines on head with dark, narrow area between 
them hairy, a large ocellus at the posterior end of each dark line ; 
sides of head dusky and pubescent ; wings light tan in color, pubes- 
cent and dusky-spotted ; one unbranched vein through clavus ; two 
long veins in corium, inner one dividing near posterior end of 
commissure and uniting again, forming a diamond-shaped cell, the 
vein then extending along the posterior border of the corium 



The Life History of Two Species of Nabidae 159 

giving-off branches through the membrane; row of inner closed 
cells and a row of outer, open cells formed in membrane; second 
vein extending through corium to outer, posterior border of this 
area and giving-off two branches about two-thirds of the way 
along ; under side of the head dark and hairy ; prothorax imme- 
diately before first coxae dark; mesothorax black below with fine 
pubescence ; abdomen with dark streak along mid-ventral line ; mar- 
gin of abdomen slightly reflexed; a large spiracle surrounded by 
red on ventral side of each segment of the connexivium; abdomen 
hairy below; last segment of male blunt at end, its dorso-lateral 
sides hollowed-out to accommodate the claspers; terminal segment 
of female pointed at posterior end and hairy; fore-femora well 
developed, heavily spotted above and barred on outer side, many 
small stiff bristles below; tibia nearly colorless and with double 
row of black teeth along the inner edge; mesothoracic femora 
heavily barred on outer side, also heavily spotted and with small 
bristles below ; tibia, with double row of black spines ; metathoracic 
legs long, femora heavily spotted also, tibia heavily spotted; tarsi 
dark at each end and three- jointed. 

Habits of Mature Nabids 

The nabids seem most active on warm and sunny days, most of 
them having been captured at such times. The specimens used in 
this experiment were found in grass and low bushes where there 
was plenty of food. 

Observed in the cages, their movements were usually slow, walk- 
ing along probing the surface of the leaf with the proboscis. On 
being disturbed they could move away quickly, their, long legs 
being well adapted for walking. Oftentimes they would remain 
quiet at some place on a leaf, but usually made a sudden dive if 
a small insect came within reach. They are greedy feeders and 
will reach for a second victim before the first is entirely consumed. 

Two nabids were found copulating, their abdomens together and 
bodies extending in a straight line. During this time, which was 
probably toward the end of the period, the claspers of the male 
were seen to curl slightly and straighten-out again. This move- 
ment occurred along both axes. When copulation was completed, 
the male was seen to wave his claspers excitedly. No definite use 
for these structures could be ascertained. 

There was no evidence of a second generation during that sum- 
mer. The nymphs on maturing were placed in pairs in separate 
cages for observation. On the 17th of September a copulation 
was observed but the female was not seen ovipositing. It is there- 
fore quite probable that the females hibernate over winter and 
oviposit e in spring. 

Natural Enemies 

Perhaps the greatest natural check of this family and species, 
as of most other insects, is climate conditions. These affect the 
younger nymphs more readily than they do the older ones. 



160 New York State College of Forestry 

Moderate cold does not play such an important part as severe and 
sudden changes in temperature do. This may kill them or slow-up 
considerably the life processes. 

The nymphs of the first instar are very delicate and readily 
subject to mechanical injury such as may occur during hard rain- 
storms, wind-storms and the like. A very small drop of rain will 
drown a nymph of the first or second instars. 

Secondly, they are enemies of their own kind as was shown in 
the discussion of habits. This cannibalism extends throughout all 
stages, seemingly becoming greater as the nabid approaches 
maturity. There are other predaceous insects which very likely 
prey upon them — as certain reduviids and phymatids. Spiders 
and birds, too, are probably formidable enemies. 

A parasite was observed on a nymph when the latter was about 
ready to moult the second time. It appeared in the form of a very 
small red sac hanging on the ventral side of the body. It grew 
larger every day and after the sixth day left the insect. It was 
probably because of the parasite that the nabid failed to moult, 
remaining fifteen days in the second instar. The average duration 
of this stage is about four days. Dr. H. E. Ewing of the Division 
of Insects, Washington, D. C, kindly identified the parasite as 
belonging to the family Trombidiidae, or " Harvest mites". 
Shannon (1914), in his paper, "Habits of Some Tachinidae," 
states that N. roseipennis is parasitized by Leucostuma aira. 

Nab is rufusculus Reut. 

Since A', roseipennis Reut. and N. rufusculus Reut. are so 

similar in a great many ways, the discussion in the first part of 

this paper dealing with the economic importance, methods of 

procedure, etc., for N. roseipennis may safely be applied to 
N. rufusculus. 

Classification and Distribution 

N. rufusculus was first described by Eeuter in 1872. It belongs 
to the order Hemiptera, suborder Heteroptera, family Nabidae 
Costa and genus Nobis Latriele. 

This species is also practically transcontinental in its range 
in North America, occuring from British Columbia to New Bruns- 
wick and Colorado to Virginia. It has been reported from the 
following regions: Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, New York, 
Maryland, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, 
District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Colorado, Northern 
and Western Canada. 

Genitalia 

The last segment of the male is concave at its dor so-lateral sides, 
very similar to that of N. roseipennis. A clasper extends across 
each one of these concavities (Fig. 33). Unlike the claspers of 
N. roseipennis, the anterior ends are much broader (Fig. 34) and 



The Life History of Two Species of Nabidae 161 

are semicircular in shape, terminating in a sharp spine, directed 
upward in normal position. The posterior portion of the clasper 
is much smaller than the anterior end and is slightly twisted out 
of the same plane. It bears a number of hairs on the upper 
surface. 

The ovipositor of the female is very similar to that of A T . rosei- 
pennis and the act of oviposition is very similar. The laying- 
period began about June 13th and extended to about July 9th. 
This also might be somewhat in error as some of the nabids prob- 
ably had begun to lay before they were captured. N. rufusculus 
favored the grass-stalk as a place to oviposit, though this particu- 
lar species is known to oviposit in certain fruits such as blue- 
berries, as was shown by Woods (1915) in his paper on "Blue- 
berry Insects in Maine." 

The Egg 

The egg of N. rufusculus is about 1.4 mm. long, elongate-oval in 
shape and bent at the distal end much as that of A r . roseipennis, 
though not quite so sharply (Figs. 5 and 8). It is whitish in 
color and glistening. The striking difference between the eggs of 
the two species besides shape is the covering at the distal end. 
In N. rufusculus it is a flat cap nearly circular in outline, and 
flanged, fitting into the egg much like the cover fits into a milk 
can (Figs. 6, 7). 

The incubation period is between thirteen and eighteen days. 
The phenomenon of hatching is similar to that of N. roseipennis, 
the young nymph pushing the egg-cap ahead of it until this slips 
off the head and falls at the side of the cavity, still attached to 
the shell. This connection is made by means of a double filament, 
elbowed or bent in a similar manner to that of the other species 
(Fig. 7). The empty egg-shell appears as an irregular opening 
at the surface of the grass-stalk. 

First Instar 
The nymphs on first hatching are about 1 mm. long, nearly 
colorless, becoming whitish after a short time. They resemble the 
nymphs of N. roseipennis very much. The nymph is bluntly 
pointed at each end ; proboscis transparent and very long, reach- 
ing beyond metathoraeic coxae ; legs very long and transparent ; 
coxae large, prominent and clear; distal segment of tarsi longer 
than proximal segment and dark at end ; thorax with small median 
furrow on dorsum of first two segments, the anterior edge of the 
metathorax depressed below the level of the abdomen ; each seg- 
ment of thorax bearing four prominent hairs on dorsal surface 
similar to those of A T . roseipennis in arrangement ; abdomen arched, 
segments each with four hairs, those along margins arising from 
spiracles, the spiracle of the sixth segment being the largest and 
having the longest hair ; abdomen with three large white spots 
on central dorsum of segments three, four and five, respectively; 
eyes large, semicircular in lateral outline and reddish-brown in 
color ; two prominent hairs above each eye ; antennae hairy and 

6 



162 New York State College of Forestry 

about twice as long as body, segments longer successively toward 
distal end; dark streak along under side of first segment and black 
ring at distal end ; second segment with narrow dark ring at distal 
end; dark streak from base of antenna extending toward eye; 
prothoracic femora large, whitish and hairy ; row of small teeth 
along under side of femur and a row along the inner side, each 
giving rise to a bristle-like hair, dark subapical spots present; 
mesothoracic femora with long hairs below and a few above, small 
dark subapical spots present ; metathoracic femora with dark 
subapical spots and reddish apical ring ; all tibia whitish and with 
long hairs. 

At the end of the instar the abdomen appears slightly elongated, 
rounded ventrally and the margins compressed dorso-ventrally ; 
lateral edges of thoracic disc darkened; small, triangular, white 
areas at postero-lateral edge of each segment. 

Second Instar 

Length about 2.54 mm.* body longer proportionally than in 
first instar; antennae a little longer than body; thorax with faint 
brownish streaks along lateral edges of terga ; abdomen robust, 
lateral edges compressed, forming definite margins; color brown- 
ish with two red spots on central tergal region of first abdominal 
segment; tergum of third segment definitely defined and with 
large greenish patches ; terga of abdomen appear to be cut off near 
lateral edge; pro- and mesothoracic femora spotted; tarsi dark 
at ends. 

At the end of the instar the streaks along lateral of thoracic 

disc appear heavier; pleura of thorax slightly dusky, leaving white 

streak between terga and pleura ; two reddish spots on central- 

dorsum of first abdominal segment ; green spots on segments three 

and four. ™ 

Third Instar 

Length about 3.17 mm. ; antennae about one-quarter longer than 
body; proboscis slightly darkened at base; wide clear streak mid- 
dorsally from head to first abdominal segment; margins of thor- 
acic terga pigmented, also pleurae, greenish; posterior segments 
of abdomen dusky and quite hairy; legs whitish; coxae 
transparent. 

At the end of the instar a red medial streak extends through 
anterior and posterior ends of abdomen; two reddish spots on 
dorsum of metathorax; last three segments of abdomen olive- 
brown; legs only moderately spotted; small bristles developing 
on under side of pro- and mesothoracic femora ; double row of 
teeth developing along inner side of pro- and mesothoracic tibia ; 
hind tibia spotted lightly. 

Fourth Instar 

Length about 4.09 mm.; antennae a little longer than body; 

dark streaks along sides of tylus ; two dusky streaks on dorsum of 

head ; large olive patches on head behind eyes ; beginning of 

characteristic design on prothorax ; tips of mesothoracic wingpads 



The Life History of Two Species of NaMdae 163 

nearly even with those of the metathorax, their color dusky with a 
few white spots; pleurae of thorax dark-olive; dusky design with 
central, rectangular, clear area on dorsum of anterior abdomen; 
row of round, green spots on lateral sides of abdomen below 
margins; dark spots on fore-femora at bases of teeth; tibia with 
double row of black spines or teeth along inner side, hairy ; meso- 
thoracic femora with small, stiff bristles developing below and a 
few dark spots; metathoracic tibia lightly spotted. 

At the end of the instar the dusky marks on dorsum of head 
are enlarged; characteristic design on prothorax, nearly com- 
pleted ; two large red spots on dorsum of first abdominal segment, 
also at lateral edges of third segment. 

Fifth Instar 

Length about 5.12 mm. ; nymphs with faint markings of ovi- 
positors on abdomen appear longer than the others, which are 
probably the males of the species; body broader in proportion to 
length than in preceding instar ; antennae about as long as body ; 
sides of tylus brownish ; large olive patches on sides of head behind 
eyes; black design on prothorax about completed; red streak run- 
ning dorsally and medially just posterior to head and extending on 
prothorax; mesothoracic wingpads long and narrow, reaching to 
about one-half the fourth abdominal segment ; metathoracic wing- 
pads not grown beyond posterior edge of first abdominal segment ; 
clear area on dorsum of abdomen surrounded by light olive and 
containing the three characteristic yellow-white spots ; lateral mar- 
gins of abdomen broad and compressed; red dashes through mid- 
dorsum of abdomen ; pleura of thorax brownish ; body whitish 
below ; row of green patches along side of abdomen ventral to 
lateral edge; prothoracie femora well developed, the ventral row 
of teeth nearly disappearing ; mesothoracic femora with few spots, 
small bristles below ; metathoracic femora with few spots and red- 
dish ring at apical end ; tibia long and with very few spots. 

Toward the end of the instar the broad abdominal margin is 
slightly reflexed; red design of indefinite shape on center of pro- 
and mesothorax ; continuous red streak through mid-dorsum of 
abdomen ; red dashes at extreme outer margin of segments, also 
small triangular white patches; red dashes along under side of 
lateral margins ; apical joint of tarsus beginning to show signs of 
division into parts, forming a three-segmented tarsus. 

The Adult 

N. rufusculus is found in both the long and the short-winged 
form. The adult male nabid is about 5.7 mm. long; widest portion 
of thorax is 1.3 mm. ; widest part of abdomen is 1.9 mm. ; adult 
female nabid is about 6.5 mm. long; widest portion of thorax is 
about 1.4 mm. ; widest part of abdomen, about 2.2 mm. ; general 
shape elongate-oval; antennae a little shorter than body, second 
joint dark at apical end and outer two joints dark; general color 
tan with dusky markings; proboscis extends between prolhoracic 



164 New York State College of Forestry 

coxae ; dorsum of head tan colored and pubescent, two dark lines 
on dorsal surface with dark area between them; a large ocellus 
at posterior end of each of these lines ; dark patch on head behind 
each eye ; ventral of head and prothorax light, the latter pubescent 
above and forming collar for neck ; characteristic design on raised 
area of disc, anterior and posterior lines deeply impressed; 
scutellum triangular in shape and with central, dark design ; wings 
light tan, spotted with dusky ; straight vein through clavus ; two 
prominent veins through corium, inner one dividing, then uniting 
again, forming a diamond-shaped cell near the posterior end of 
the mid-dorsal commissure, the vein continuing along the posterior 
border of the corium and giving off long veins through the mem- 
brane, these forming a row of open cells at the posterior border; 
outer vein extending to outer posterior corner of corium and 
giving off two branches about one-half the way along; abdomen 
with narrow, dark, mid- ventral streak and broader streak along 
sides below lateral margin ; lateral margins reflexed slightly, con- 
nexivium formed ; spiracle on ventral side of each segment of 
connexivium surrounded by red; last segment of male abdomen 
rounded-up to meet dorsal tergum, dorso-lateral concavities present 
to accommodate the claspers; last segment of female abdomen 
rounded at sides and pointed at anterior end; forefemora barred 
lightly on inner side, heavily on outer side, spotted above and 
many small bristles below; tibia whitish and with double row of 
black teeth along inner side ; mesothoracic femora barred lightly 
on inner and outer sides, a few spots above and many small 
bristles below ; metathoracic legs elongated, femora sparsely 
spotted, tibia lightly spotted and brownish in color; tibia three- 
jointed and dark at each end. 

Explanation of Tables 

The data submitted in the tables on pages — and — might aid 
in showing the length of the five instars and the variation which 
takes place. Only a few specimens are concerned here. They are 
selected from those nymphs hatching July 4th and July 15th 
and are those specimens which survived longest. 

The first four columns are complete for the time between June 
16th and July 15th. The data of the two columns "Laid" and 
"Hatched" does not necessarily apply as to position in the table, 
since there w T as great variation in the length of the incubation 
period and also since there was much difficulty in marking the new 
eggs from day to day. The eggs of N. roseipennis are very easily 
discerned but those of N. rufusculus were at times barely per- 
ceptible. 

The number in the sixth column indicates the dish in which one 
or more nymphs were living and the designation "No." indicates 
the number of nymphs in a dish. 

Even considering the nymphs killed from each instar and pre- 
served, the totals at the bottom of the page show a rather high 
mortality. 



The Life History of Two Species of Ndbidae 



165 



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The Life History of Two Species of Naoidae 



167 



DATE 



Maxi- 
mum 
tem- 
pera- 
ture 



■Tune 






July 






August 


Mini- 


Aver- 


Maxi- 


Mini- 


Aver- 


Maxi- 


Mini- 


mum 


age 


mum 


mum 


age 


mum 


mum 


tem- 


tem- 


tem- 


tem- 


tem- 


tem- 


tem- 


pera- 


pera- 


pera- 


pera- 


pera- 


pera- 


pera- 


ture 


ture 


ture 


ture 


ture 


ture 


ture 


41 


57.5 


79 


56 


67.5 


64 


43 


34 


52 








67 


49 


57 


63 


91 


62 


76.5 


69 


41 






86 


62 


74 


71 


44 






88 


66 


77 


75 


42 


63 


66 


88 


72 


80 


79 


53 


39 


54 


92 


67 


79.5 


80 


61 


41 


56.5 








76 


69 


42 


59.5 








68 


44 


49 


65 


91 


64 


77.5 


77 


49 


46 


63 


80 


63 


71.5 


78 


45 


53 


64.5 


85 


64 


74.5 


76 


48 


47 


65.5 


79 


61 


70 


74 


65 


42 


56.5 


SO 


62 


71 


65 


55 


33 


49 


82 


73 


77.5 


64 


40 


62 


64.5 


81 


64 


72.5 


80 


41 


48 


57.5 


73 


57 


65 


71 


44 


52 


61 


74 


43 


58.5 


68 


45 


57 


63.5 


74 


61 


67.5 


70 


54 


38 


56.5 


74 


61 


67.5 






69 


73.5 


75 


51 


63 


75 


43 


50 


67.5 


77 


47 


62 


65 


39 


60 


70.5 


80 


53 


66.5 


67 


45 


47 


60.5 


84 


53 


68.5 


73 


49 


46 


62.5 


82 


57 


69.5 


75 


54 


49 


64.5 


81 


62 


71.5 


74 


49 


51 


64.5 


84 


68 


76 


76 


54 


60 


68 


81 


58 


69.5 


70 


60 


63 


71 


75 


51 


63 


80 


60 


63 


69.5 


58 


43 


50.5 


77 


50 






73 


56 


64.5 


83 


48 



Aver- 
age 
tem- 
pera- 
ture 



5 

6 


69 


7 


69 


8 


72 


9 


77 


10 


81 


11 


80 


12 


76 


13 


74 


14 


71 


15 


65 


16 


67 


17 


67 


18 


70 


19 


70 


20 


75 


21 


78 


22 


85 


23 


81 


24 


74 


25 


79 


26 


80 


27 


78 


28 


76 


29 


79 


30 


76 


31 









57.5 

58.5 

66 

70.5 

72.5 

56 

R3 

61.5 

62 

69.5 

60 

52 

60.5 

57.5 

56.5 

62 

59*' 

52 

56 

61 

64.5 

61.5 



65 
70 
63.5 
65.5 



This table shows the temperature changes thru-out the three months of June, July and August. 



NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF FORESTRY 

Bibliography 
Banks, Nathan. 

1910. Catalogue of Neo-Arctic Hemiptera-Heteroptera. 

Amer. Ent. Soc, pp. 1-103 (Reduviolus roseipennis Reut., p. 22) ; 
(Reduviolus rufusculus Reut., p. 23); (Reduviolus assimilis 
Uhler, p. 23). 
Brunner, L. and Swenk, H. H. 

1907. Some Insects injurious to Wheat during 1905-1906. 

Neb. Bui. 96 Vol. XIX, Article 3, pp. 1-36 (Nabis Ferus Reut., 
pp. 17-18). 
Douglas and Scott. 

1865. The British Hemiptera-Heteroptera, pp. I-XII+1-62S (Nabidae, 
pp. 547-556). 
Deake, C. J. 

1922. Technical Bui. X. Y. State Col. For., No. 16. 
Felt, E. P,. 

1906. Insects Affecting Park and Woodland Trees. 

N. Y. Mus. Mem. 8, Vol. 2, pp. 333-877 (Nabis rufusculus Reut., 
p. 688, Fig. 207). 
Garman, H. and Jewett, H. H. 

1914. Life History and Habits of the Corn-ear Worm. 

Ky. Ag. Sta. Bui. 187, pp. 513-591. (Coriscus ferus Reut., 
pp. 585-586.) 
Gillette, C. P. and Baker, C. F. 

1895. A Preliminary List of the Hemiptera of Colorado. 

Ag. Exp. Sta. Bui. Xo. 31, Tech. Series Xo. 1, pp. 1-137. (Coriscus 
punctipes Reut. and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p 59.) 

KlRKALDY. 

1901. Aumerkungen iiber Bemerkenswerte Xabinen. 

Wien. Ent. Zeit., XX, pp. 219-225. (Reduviolus chewkeanus, 
p. 224.) 
Lethierry, L. et Severn, G. 

1893. Catalogue des General Hemipteres, Tom. Ill, pp. 1-275. 

(Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 211); (Nabis rufusculus Reut., 
p. 211). 

OSBORN, H. 

1918. The Meadow Plant Bug, Miris dolobratus. 

Jour. Ag. Research, Vol. XV, pp. 1-681. (Xabis ferus Linn., 
pp. 194-197.) 
Osborn and Drake. 

1922. Technical Bui. N. Y. State Col. For., No. 16. 
Parshley, H. M. 

1914. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera of Maine. 

Psyche, Vol. XXI, Xo. 5 (pp. 139-149) (Reduviolus rufusculus 
Reut., p. 143). 
Parshley, H. M. 

1917. Fauna of New England, 14. List of Hemiptera-Heteroptera. 

Occasional Papers of the Boston Society of Nat. Hist. VII., pp. 1- 
119. (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut., 
p. 66.) 
Parshley, H. M. 

1919. Gn Some Hemiptera of Western Canada. 

Occasional Papers on Mus. of Zoo. No. 71, pp. 1-35. (Nabis 
rufusculus Reut. and Nabis roseipennis Reut., p. 28.) 



Paeshley, H. M. 

1920. Hemiptera from Peaks Island, Me., pp. 1-8. 

(Nabis rufusculns Reut. and Nabis roseipennis Rent., p. 4.) 
Poppius, B. unci Bergkoth, E. 

1920-1921. Betitrage Znr Kenntnis Der Mvmecoiden Heteropteren, pp. 1-88. 
(Nabididae, pp. 85-87 J 
Reuter, 0. M. 

1872. Of. Yet. Akad. Forh., XXIX No. 6, p. 89. 
Reuter, 0. M. 

1872. Oefv. Kgl. Vet. Akad. Fork., XXIX No. 6, p. 92. 
Reuter, 0. M. 

1890. Revue d'Ent., IX, p. 308. 
Reuter, O. M. 

1908. Bemerken iiber Nabiden nebst Bescbreibung neuer Arten. 

Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg., XV, pp. 87-130, p. 118. 
Shannon, R. C. 

1914. Habits of Some Tacbinidae. 

Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., D. C, XVI, No. 4, pp. 1-IV+pp. 1-85. 
(Reduviolus roseipennis Reut., p. 182.) 
Smith, J. B. 

1909. Insects of New Jersey. 

Ann. Rept. of N. J. State Mus., pp. 1-888. (Reduviolus roseipennis 
Reut. and Reduviolus rufusculns Reut., p. 150.) 
Snow, F. H. 

1904. Lists of Coleoptera, Lepidoptera-, Diptera and Hemiptera 

Kansas Uni. Sci. Bui.. Vol. 11, No. 12, pp. 32:3-349. (Nabis pun- 
citipes Reuter, p. 348.) 
Stal, O. 

1873. Enumeratio Hemiptorium, Vol. 1-5, Band. II. pp. 1-163. (Coriscus 

roseipennis Reut. and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p. 113.) 
Uhler, P. R. 

1S76. List of Hemiptera of the Region West of the Mississippi river, in- 
cluding those collected during the Hayden Explorations of 1873. 
Bui. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. of Terr's, pp. 1-95. (Coriscus 
punctipes Reuter, p. 60.) 
Uhler, P. R. 

1878. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. XIX. (Coriscus assimilis Uhl., p. 422.) 
Uhler, P. R. 

1886. Check List of Hemiptera of North America, pp. 1-29, p. 23. 
Van Duzee, E. P. 

1894. A List of Hemiptera of Buffalo and Vicinity. 

Bui. Buf. Soc. Nat. Sci., pp. 167-224. (Coriscus roseipennis 
Reuter and Coriscus rufusculus Reut., p. 1S3. ) 
Van Duzee, E. P. 

1905. A List of Hemiptera taken in the Adirondack Mountains. 

20th Rept, N. Y. State Ent. Bui. 97, pp. 359-597- (Coriscus 
rufusculus Rent., p. 550.) 
Van Duzee, E. P. 

1916. Check List of Hemiptera of America north of Mexico, pp. I-X+l-110. 

(Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus Reut,, p. 33.) 
Van Duzee, E. P. 

1917. Catalogue of Hemiptera of America North of Mexico. 

Pp. I-IVX+ 1-902. (Nabis roseipennis Reut. and Nabis rufusculus 
Reut., p. 282.) 

Woods, W. C. 

1915. Blueberry Insects in Maine. 

Me. Ag. Exp. Sta. Orno Bui. No. 244, pp. 250-288. (Nabis rufus- 
culus Reut., pp. 283-285.) 



Explanation of Plates 

1. Portion of grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and egg-caps of A", rufus- 
culus, much enlarged. 

2. Portion of raspberry stalk dissected showing eggs of A*, roseipennis, much 
enlarged. 

3. Portion of grass-stalk with protruding white hoods of eggs of A 7 , 
roseipennis, much enlarged. 

4. Portion of raspberry stalk showing protruding hoods of eggs of N. 
roseipennis. 

5. Dissected stalk of grass showing eggs of A 7 , rufusoulus, greatly enlarged. 

6. Grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and egg-caps of N. rufusculus, much 
enlarged. 

7. Distal end of egg of A 7 , rufusculus (hatched), showing egg-cap and 
attachment, much enlarged. 

S. Egg of N. rufusculus, much enlarged. 

9. Dissected grass-stalk showing eggs of A 7 , roseipennis, greatly enlarged. 

10. Grass-stalk showing hatched eggs and hoods of A T . roseipennis. 

11. Distal end of hatched egg of N. roseipennis showing hood and attach- 
ment, much enlarged. 

12. Egg of N. roseipennis, much enlarged. 

13. Nymph of A T . roseipennis, first instar, magnified 35 dia. Body of nymph 
appears shrunken away from body-wall in some places, probably due to the 
effect of the preservative. This phenamenon has occurred in a number of 
cases. 

M. Lateral view of nymph of A 7 , roseipennis, 1st instar. Magnified 35 dia. 

15. Nymph of N. roseipennis, beginning 2nd instar. Magnified 15 dia. 

16. Nymph, about 4th instar in process of moulting. Magnified about 13 
dia. 

17. Nymph of N. roseipennis beginning 3rd instar. Magnified 15 dia. 
IS. Nymph of N. roseipennis beginning 4th instar. Magnified 14 dia. 

19. Nymph of N. roseipennis end 4th instar. Magnified 14 dia. 

20. Nymph of N. roseipennis beginning 5th instar. Magnified 12 dia. 

21. Nymph of A 7 , roseipennis end of 5th instar. Magnified 12 dia. 

22. Mature nabid, N. roseipennis. Magnified 11 dia. 

23. Nymph of N. rufusculus, 1st instar. Body somewhat distorted by 
alcohol. Magnified 26 dia. 

24. Nymph of N. rufuscuVas, end 2nd instar. Magnified 16 dia. 

25. Nymph of N. rufusculus, end 3rd instar. Magnified 16 dia. 

26. Nymph of A 7 , rufusculus, end 4th instar. Magnified 17 dia. 

27. Nymph of N. rufusculus, end 5th instar. Magnified 17 dia. 

28. Mature nabid, A 7 , rufusculus, Magnified 13 dia. 

29. Ventral of last segment of female abdomen of A 7 , roseipennis showing 
ovipositor in normal position, also parts dissected. The inner and middle 
pairs of structures are here shown in approximation. Magnified 113 dia. 

30. Ventral view of last segment of female abdomen of A 7 , rufusculus show- 
ing ovipositor in normal position, also all- parts of structure dissected. Mag- 
nified 15 dia. 

31. Lateral view of posterior of male abdomen of A 7 , roseipennis, showing 
claspers Magnified 11 dia. 

32. Clasper of A 7 , roseipennis, from right side. Magnified 56 dia. 

33. Lateral view of posterior of male abdomen of N. rufusculus. showing 
claspers. Magnified 11 dia. 

34. Clasper of N. rufusculus, from right side. Magnified 61 dia. 




Plate XII. 




\m 



i 













Plate XIII. 




Plate XIV. 




Plate XV 




Plate XVI. 







Plate XVII. 




Plate XVIII. 




Plate XIX, 



INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES 



A. PAGE 

Aconura acuticauda Bak 14 

Acuceplmlus albifrons Linnaeus 13, 22, 37 

nervosus ( Sc'lirank ) 13,37 

Adelphocoris rapidus Say 72 

Agalena naevia Walck 18 

Agallia novella ('Say ) . . 31 

4-punctata Provancher 31 

oculata Van Duzee 15, 31 

sanguinolenta (Provancher) 22, 31 

Alebra albostriella ( Fallen ) 13, 40 

Alydus conspersus Montadon 59 

eurinus ( Say ) 50 

Aneurus inconstans Uhler 22, GO 

simplex Uhler 01 

Anisandrus obesus 07 

Anthocoris borealis Dallas 17, 22, 02. 05, 00, 113 

sp '..02,07 

Antillocoris pallidus (Uhler) . . .> 03 

Aphalara veaziei Patch 53 

Aphelonema histrionica (iStal ) 21, 50 

Aphrophora parallela Say 22, 23, 25 

4-notata Say 25 

Aradns abbas Bergroth 00 

lugubris Fallen 13, 00 

Aradus lugubris var. nigricornis Reuter 00 

niger Stal 22, 00 

ornatus Say 00 

proboscideus Walker 00 

quadrilineatius Say 22, 57, 59 

robustus Uhler . . " 22, 00 

similis Say 00 

similis centriguttatus Bergroth 00 

tuberculifer Kirby 00 

Arctocorixa compressa Abbott 80 

scabara Abbott 21,86 

Asthenidea temnostethoides Reut 02, 00 

B. 

Balclutha impicta Van Duzee 40 

osborni Van D 14 

punctata (Thunberg) 13, 40 

Banasa dimidiata (:Say ) 22, 57 

Belostoma flumineum Say 84, 80 

Benacus griseus (iSay ) 85 

Bruchomorpha oculata Newman 22, 50 

Buenoa margaritacea Bueno 21.85 

C. 

Callicorixa praeusta (Fieber) 13, 21, 80 

Callipterus betulaecolens 53 

Calocoris uhleri (tinctus) Van D 14 

Camptobrochys borealis 20 

laricolis 21 

Campylenchia latipes Say 30 

Capsus ater (Linnaeus) 13, 73 

[169] 



170 New York State College of Forestry 

PAGE 

Carynota marmorata Say 29 

stupida Walker 29, 87, 88, 89 

Ceratoeapsus (Melinna) modestus (Uhler) 14, 77 

pumilis ( Uhler ) 22, 77 

Ceresa basalis Walker 28 

bubalus ( Fabricius ) 28 

diceros (Say) .' 28 

Chermes pinicorticis Fitch 99 

pinifoliae Fitch 100, 104 

Chiracanthium viride ( Em) . 18 

Chlamydatus pulicarius ( Fallen ) 80 

Chlorochroa uhleri Stal 56 

Chlorotettix lusorius (Osborn & Ball) 45 

unicolor ( Fitch ) 45 

viridis 14 

Chrysopa sp 65, 113 

Cicadella gothica ( Signoret) 35 

Cicadula 

pallida ( Osborn ) 15, 46 

6-notata (Fallen) 13, 46 

slossoni Van Duzee 46 

variata ( Fallen ) 13, 45 

Cimex lectularius 1 ( Linnaeus ) 13, 66 

Cixius misellus Van Duzee 49 

pini Fitch 49, 50 

Clastoptera obtusa Say 22, 23, 27, 58 

proteus Fitch 28 

Clubiona sp 18 

Coccobaphes sanguinarius Uhler 73 

Coenus delius (Say ) 21, 56 

Collaria meilleurii Provancher 21, 70 

oculata ( Reuter ) 70 

Coriarchne versicolor Keys 18 

Corizus crassicornis (Linnaeus) 13, 59 

hyalinus 13 

lateralis ( Say ) 59 

Corythucha betulae Drake 66, 111 

C. bellula 64 

cyrta Parshley 66, 111 

elegans Drake 22, 64, 65, 67 

heidemanni Drake 64, 111 

juglandis Fitch, probably pallipes 14, 111 

marmorata Uhler 64 

mollicula Osborn & Drake 22, 64, 67 

pallipes Parshley 14, 20, 22, 65, 66, 67, 111, 112, 115 

pergandei Heidemann 64, 111 

Cosmopepla bimaculata (Thomas) 56 

Crophius disconotus (Say ) 21, 63 

Cryphalus balsameus Hopk 120, 121, 127, 129 

mainensis n. sp 119, 126, 128, 129, 131 

rubensis Hopk 127 

Cryptorhynchus lapathi 68 

Cymus angustatus Stal 61 

discors Horvath 22,62 

luridus Stal 61 

D. 

Deltocephalus abdominalis (Fabricius) 13, 40 

acus (Sanders & DeLong) . 39 

affinis ( Gillette and Baker) 22 

apicatus (Osborn ) 22, 40 

compactus (Osborn and Ball) 14 



Index to Genera and Species 171 

Deltoceplialus abdominalis — Continued. page 

configuratns ( Uliler ) 39 

debilis (prob abdominalis) 14 

delector (Sanders & DeLong ) 39 

flavo-virens (Gillette and Baker ) 15, 41 

inimicus ( Say ) 22, 40 

misellus Ball 15, 21, 40 

melsheimerii ( Fitch ) 40 

nigriventer ( Sanders and DeLong) 15, 41 

nominatus (Sanders and DeLong) 15, 41 

ocellaris ( Fallen ) 15, 39 , 

pascuellus ( Fallen ) 13, 22, 40 

productus ( Walker ) 39 

sayi (Fitch.) 39 

striatus (L) -affinis (Gillette and Baker) 40 

sylvestris Osborn and Ball 41 

Dendryphantes capita tus ( Hentz) 17 

militaris ( Hentz ) 17,18 

Deraeocoris ( Camptobrochys ) borealis (Van Duzee) 17, 22, 27, 76, 78 

fasciohis (Knight) 77 

laricicola ( Knight ) 76 

nebulosus (Uhler ) 76 

pinicola (Knight) 22, 76 

Diaphnidia capitata (Van Duzee ) 20, 22, 78 

pellucida (Uhler) 20, 22, 78 

provancheri ( Burque ) 22, 78 

Dichrooscytus elegans (Uhler) 14 

Dictyna (bostonensis Em?) 18 

f rondea Em 18 

muriaria Em 18 

volucripes Em 18 

Dicyphus agilis (Uhler) 20, 27 

" famelicus (Uhler ) 77 

yestitus (Uhler ) 20, 77 

Dickraneura ( Dicraneura ) cruentata Gillette 46 

fieberi (Loew) 13, 46 

mali ( Provancher ) 46 

Draeculacephala manitobiana Ball 21, 35 

mollipes ( Say ) 35 

noveboracensis (Fitch) 21, 36 

Dryocoetes americana Hopk 67, 123 

piceae 67 

E. 

Elamostethus atricornis (Van Duzee) 58 

cruciatus (iSay ) 58 

Elidiptera slossoni Van Duzee 22, 49, 97 

Empoa rosae 13 

tenerrima 13 

lethierryi 13 

Empoasca atrolabes Gillette 47 

aureoviridis (Uhler) 22, 47 

birdii Goding 47 

coccinea ( Fitch ) 22, 47, 95 

flavescens ( Fabricius ) 13, 47 

smaragdula (Fallen) 13, 22, 47 

E. viridis • 22 

Enchenopa binotata Say 30 

Epeira thaddeus Hentz 17 

insularis Hentz 17 

Epeira trifolium Hentz ^ 17 

trivittata Keys 17,18 

Eremocoris ferus ( Sav ) 22, 62, 63 



172 New York State College of Forestry 

PAGE 

Eupteryx flavoscuta Gillette 20, 47 

fiavoscuta Gillette Var. nigra Osborn 20,' 47 

vanduzei Gillette 20, 47 

Europiella rubida (Uhler ) 21 

Eurygaster alternatus (Say ) 54 

Euscelis angustatus ( Osborn ) 15, 42 

arctostaphyli ( Ball ) 15,41 

anthracinus (Van Duzee) ' 41 

coma (Van Duzee ) 15, 22, 42 

curtisi ( Curtisii ) ( Fitch ) 42 

deceptus Sanders & DeLong 15, 41 

elongatus ( Osborn ) 15, 42 

extrusus (Van Duzee ) 41 

humidus ( Osborn ) 15, 21 , 42 

instabilis (Van Duzee ) 21, 42 

obsoleta 13 

striatulus 13 

striolus ( Fallen ) 13, 41 

uhleri (Ball) 41 

vaccinii (Van Duzee) 21, 42 

Euscliistus euscliistoides (Vollenhoven) 56 

tristigmus ( Say ) 22, 56 

variolarius (Polisot de Beauvois) 56 

Evacanthus acuminatus (Fabricius) 13, 36 

F. 
Formica sanguinea Latr, sub sp. rubicunda Emery 87 

G. 

Galeatus peckliami Ashmead 13, 66, 105, 107, 108, 109 

Garganus fusiformis ( Say) 72 

Geocoris uliginosus ( Say ) 63 

bullatus Say " 63 

uliginosus lateralis Fieber 63 

Gerris argenticollis, Parshley 80 

buenoi Kirkaldy 21, 80 

marginatus Say 21, 80 

remigis Say 80 

rufoscutellatus (Latreille) 13, 21, 80 

Graphocephala coccinea (Forst) 20, 35 

Cypona octo-lineata (Say) 20, 36 

H. 

Halticus apterus Linn 14 

Helochara communis Fitch 35 

Helophora insignis (Blk) Thor 18 

Homaemus aeneifrons ( Say) 21, 54, 55 

Horcias dislocatus ( Say ) 72 

• dislocatus affinis (Reuter) 73 

dislocatus limbatellus (Walker) 73 

Hormaphis papyraceae ^ 53 

Hormaphis sp 20 

Hyaloides vitripennis ( Say ) 22, 77 

Hylocurus Eichhoff 143, 144, 145 

Hylocurus alienus Eichh 143 

elegans Eichh 143 

discifer Eichh 143 

parkinsoniae n. sp 142, 145, 147 



Index to Genera and Species 173 

I. PAGE 

Idioeerus alternatus Fitch 22, 32 

amabilis Ball 15, 22, 31, 34 

formosus Ball 31 

lachrymalis Fitch 22, 32, 94, 95 

pallidus Fitch 22, 31 

provancheri Van Duzee 32 

subnitens, Sanders & Delong 15, 32 

suturalis, Fitch 32, 34, 94 

Ilnacora malina (Uhler) 21, 79 

Ips gui'ldi n. sp 137, i40 

latidens Lee 138 

longidens Sw 138 

pini (Say) 67, 119 

Ischnorrhynchus geminatus (Say) 21, 22, 61, 62 

K. 
Kelisia axialis Van Duzee 51 

L. 

Labaps hirtus Knight 77 

Laccocera vittipennis Van Duzee 21,51 

Leucostuma atra 160 

Lepyronia 4-angularis Say 14 

Liburnia campestris Van Duzee 22, 51 

lutulenta Van Duzee 51 

pellucida Fabricius 51 

puella Van Duzee 51 

Li'burniella ornata ( Stal ) 51 

Ligyrocoris contractus ('Say) 63 

diffusus (Uhler) 63 

Linyphia marginata Koch 18 

Lophocarenum florens ( Camb ) 18 

Lopidea media ( Say ) 22,78 

Lopus decolor ( Fallen ) 79 

Lygaeus kalmii-angustomarginatus Parsh 22, 59, 61 

Lygidea rubecula (Uhler ) 73 

rubecula obscura Reuter 73 

Lygus alni Knight 74 

approximatus Stal 74 

atritylus Knight 22, 74 

apicalis Fieber 13 

belfrageii Reuter 74 

canadensis Knight 75 

communis Knight 74 

f agi Knight 7 22,74 

hirticulus Van Duzee 22, 75 

ostryae Knight 75 

pabulinus (Linnaeus) . 13, 20, 74 

parshleyi Knight 74 

plagiatus Uhler 74 

pratensis 13 

pratensis oblineatus Say 22, 73 

vanduzeei Knight 73 

vanduzee ruboclarus . Knight 73 

M. 

Macrolophus separatus (Uhler) 20, 77 

Macropsis basalis Van Duzee 22, 32, 34 

canadensis (Van Duzee ) 33, 34 

sp 32 

3-maculata Fh 14 

viridis (Fitch) v 22. 32 



174 New York State College of Forestry 

PAGE 

Macrotylus sexguttatus (Provancher) 71, 79, 108 

Mangora placida ( Hentz ) ~ 18 

Meadorus lateralis (Say) 22, 57 

Mecomma ambulans 13 

gilvipes (Stal) . . 2i, 76, 79 

Melanorhopala clavata Stal 21,60 

Mesamia vitellina ( Fitch ) 37,96 

Mesovelia mulsanti White 08 

Metre-bates hesperius Uhler 23, 81 

Micracis LeConte 142, 143, 144, 145, 140 

Micracis bicornus Blackman 145 

biorbis Blackman 145 

harnedi Blackman 145 

hirtellus Lee 145 

langstoni Blackman 145 

meridianus Blackman 145 

nanula Lee 144, 145 

opacicollis Lee 144, 145 

populi Sw 145 

rudis Lee 145 

suturalis Lee 145 

swainei Blackman 145 

Micracanthia humilis ( Say ) 20, 83 

Microcentrus caryae (Pitch) 30 

Microvelia americana Uhler 82 

borealis Bueno 82 

buenoi Drake 21, 82 

Mimoceps gracilis Uhler 71 * 

Mineus strigipes ( Herrich-Schaeffer ) 58 

Miris dolobratus (Linnaeus) 13, 09, 70, 71, 149 

Misumena vatia Clerck 18 

M. sp 18 

Monalocoris filicis (Linnaeus) 13, 20, 77 

Mormidea lugens ( Fabricius ) 50 

Myodocha serripes Oliver 03 

N. 

Nabis Latreille 151, 100 

Nabis ferus (Linnaeus) 13, 09, 149 

limbatus Dahlbom 13, 17, 21, 09, 70, 149 

roseipennis Reuter 17, 20, 22, 69, 108, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154 

158, 159, 100, 101, 104, 105 

rufusculus Reuter 17, 20, 22, 09, 70, 108, 149, 150, 152,154, 

100, 101, 103, 104, 100 

subcoleoptratus Kirby 08, 149 

Neides muticus ( Say) 01 

Neoborus amoenus ( Reuter ) 75 

pubescens Knight 75, 70 

Neottiglos&a undata ( Say ) 50 

Neurocolpus nubilus Say , 71 

Notonecta insulata Kirby \ 85 

undulata 21, 84 

variabilis Fieber . 85 

Nysius ericae (Schilling) 13, 21, 01 

thymi (Wolff) , 01 

O. 

Oedancala dorsalis ( Say ) 03 

Oncometopia lateralis (Fabricius) 35 



Index to Genera and Species 175 

PAGE 

Oncopsis cognatus (Van Duzee) 22, 33, 34 

fitclii Van Duzee 20, 22, 33, 34 

minor ( Fitch ) 22,34 

nigrinasi ( Fitch ) 34 

pruni ( Provancher ) 33 

sobrius ( Walker ) 22, 33 

variabilis ( Fitch ) 20, 33, 34 

Ortholoinus longiceps Stal 21,61 

Orthotomicus caelatus Eichh 67 

Orthotylns catulus Van Duzee 79 

chlorionis Say 14 

dorsalis ( Provancher ) 22, 79 

(Diommatus congrex Uhler dorsalis Prov. ) 14 

( marginatus Uhl) (Cyrtorrhinus) marginatus Uhl 14 

transluscens Tuckers 22, 78 

viridis Van Duzee 78 

Otiocerus coquebertii Kirby 50 

P. 

Pagasa fusca Stein 68, 149 

Palmacorixa buenoi Abbott 86 

Parabolocratus major Osborn 15, 37 

viridis (Uhler ) 37 

Pardosa sp ? 18 

Pellenes hoyi Peckham 17,18 

Pemphigus tesselata 22, 52 

Pentacora ligata ( Say ) 82,83 

Peribalus limbolarius Stal 55 

Perigenes constrictus (Say) 63 

Perillus circumcinctus Stal 58 

exaptus Say var.'d (fide van Duzee ) 21, 58 

Phidippus multiformis Em 18 

sp 18 

Philaenus lineatus (Linn) . . 21, 26, 27 

P. leucophthalmus ( Linn ) -26 

Philaronia bilineata Say 21, 25 

Phlepsius apertus Van Duzee 43 

decorus Osborn & Ball 42 

fulvidorsum ( Fitch) 43 

irroratus (Say ) 43 

maculellus Osborn 15, 21, 43 

solidaginis (Walker ) 43 

Phylegyas abbreviatus (Uhler) • 63 

Pysatocheila plexa Say 14 

Phytocoris conspersipes (breviusculus) Reut 14 

cortitectus Knight 72 

erectus Van Duzee 72 

eximius Reuter 72 

fulvous Knight 22, 72 

lasiomerus Reuter 20, 21, 71, 72 

pallidicornis Reuter 72 

salicis Knight 22, 72 



»P. 



21 



Piesma cinerea Say 64 

Pilophorus amoenus Uhler 22, 77, 78 

clavipes Uhler M. S 14 

Pirata insularis Em 18 

Pissonotus ater Van Duzee 51 

dorsalis Van Duzee 51 

Pityogenes hopkinsi Sw 67 



176 New York State College of Forestry 

PAGE 

Pityophthorus balsameus n. sp 119, 121, 129, 133 

biovalis n. sp '. 122, 124, 129 

briscoei n. sp 123 

canadensis Sw 120, 121 

dentifrons n. sp .125, 12S, 129, 131, 135 

granulatus Svv 119 

murrayanae 138, 140 

nudus Sw 119 

opaculus Lee 119, 120, 128 

patchi n. sp ] 20, 129, 135 

puberulus Lee 120, 128 

pulchellus Eichh (hirticeps, Lee) 125, 126 

pulicarius Zimm 123 

pusio Lee 126 

shepardi n. sp 124, 128, 129, 131, 135 

Pla.giognath.us annulatus Uhler 79 

chrysanthemi (Wolff) 13, 79 

fraternus Uhler 21, 79 

fuscosus Provamcher 22, 79 

obscurus Uhler 14 

politus Uhler 21, 79 

sp. 1 79 

sp. II : '. 80 

sp. Ill 80 

Platylygus luridus ( Reuter ) 22, 73 

Platymetopius acutus ( Say) 38 

acutus var. (Say) cinnamomeus, Osborn 38 

cuprescens Osborn 39 

magdalensis Provancher 39 

Platytylellus insitivus ( Say ) 71 

lasiomerus 22 

nigricollis Reuter 71 

rubrovittatus ( Stal. ) 71 

s P : , 71 

Poclisus maculiventris (Say) 17, 22, 58 

modestus (Dallas) 17,22, 58, 108 

placidus LThler 17, 58 

serieventris Uhler 17, 22, 58, 108 

Poecilocapsus lineatus ( Fabricius ) 73 

Poeciloscytus unifasciatus ( Fabricius) 13, 72 

venaticus Uhler 72 

Polygraphus rufipennis Kirby 67, 128 

Protentor belfragei Haglund . " 58, 59 

Psallus n. sp 21, 79 

Pseudomicracis 144, 145, 146 

Psyllia astigmata 101, 104 

carpinicola Crawford 22, 53, 54 

floccosa Patch 53, 54, 101 

3-maculata Crawford 22, 53, 54, 101, 102, 103, 104 

striata (Patch ) 22, 53 

Publilia concava Say 21,30 

R. 

Ranatra americana Montadon 21, 81, 85 

Reduvius personatus (Linneaus ) 13, 66 

Reuteria irrorata ( Say ) 78 

Rhagovelia obesa Uhler 82 

Rheumatobates rileyi Bergroth 23, 82 

Rhinocapsus vanduzeei LThler 79 



Index to Genera and Species 111 

S. PAGE 

Salda coriacea, Uhler 82 

Saldula confluenta, ( Say) 82, 83 

interstitalis ( Say ) 20, 82 

major ( Provancher ) 82 

orbiculata ( Uliler ) 82 

jmllipes ( Fabricius ) 13, 82 

reperta ( Uliler ) 13, 83 

separata ( Uliler ) 83 

Scaplioideus auronitens (Provancher) 38 

immistus (Say ) 22, 38 

lobatus ( Van Duzee ) 38 

S. productus (Osborn ) 38 

scalaris (Van Duzee ) 38 

Sciocoris microphthalmos (Flor) 13, 22, 55 

Scolops sulcipes ( Say ) 49 

Sehirus cinctus (Palisot de Beauvois) 55 

Sinea diadema ( Fabricius) 66 

Sittacus striatus ( Em ) 18 

Sphaerocysta peckhami Ashm 105 

Stenocranus dorsalis ( Fitch ) 51 

felti (Van Duzee) 51 

Stenodema trispinosum (Fteuter) 13, 21, 70 

vicinum (Provancher) 21, 70 

Stenotus binotatusi ( Fabricius ) 13,72 

Stictocephala lutea (Walk) 14 

Stronglyocoris (Stiphrosoma) croceipes (Uliler) 14 

stygicus ( Say ) 77 

Stignocoris rusticus ( Fallen) 63 

T 

Telamona barbata (Van Duzee ) 29, 93 

coryli ( Fitch) 30 

declivata (Van Duzee ) ■ 29 

reclivata ( Fitch) 22, 29, 93, 94 

Teratocoris paludum. Sahlberg 13, 71 

Tetragnatha grallator Hentz 18 

laboriosa Hentz 18 

Tetraphleps americana 68 

concolor 68 

osborni 17, 22, 62, 67 

Thamnotettix belli (Uhler) 44 

belli var brunneus Osborn 15, 44 

chlamydatus (Provancher) 44 

ciliatus Osborn 21, 45 

cockerelli Ball 15, 22, 43 

cypraceus Osborn 44 

decipiens Provancher 21, 45 

eburatus Van Duzee 21, 44 

kennicotti (Uhler) 38, 43, 96 

melanogaster ( Provancher ) 44 

morsei Osborn 15, 44 

pallidulus Osborn 44 

placidus Osborn 21, 45 

smithi Van Duzee 45 

waldanus Ball 15, 20, 44 

Theridiosoma radiosa (Em) 18 

Theridium frondeum Hentz 18 

murarium ( Em ) 18 

Theridula sphaerula Hentz 18 

Thvanta custator ( Fabricius) 21, 56 



178 ' New York State College of Forestry 

PAGE 

Thyreocoris ater ( Amyot and Serville ) 55 

pulicarius (Germar) 55 

Tibellus duttoni Hentz 17, 18 

oblongus ( Walck ) 17 

Tibica rimosa 24 

noveboracensis 24 

Tibicen canicularis ( Harris ) 24 

Trepobates pictus (Herrich-Schaeffer) 23, 82 

Trigonotylus pulclier Reuter 71 

ruficornis (Geoffroy ) 13, 21, 70 

Trioza nigrilla Crawford 53 

salicis 22 

3-punctata Fli 14 

Triphleps insidiosus Say 17, 22, 62, G8 

Trombidium sp 113 

Trypodendron betulae 67 

bivittatum Kirby 67 

Typlilocyba comes ( Say ) var 48 

comes (Say) 48 

commissuralis 48 

lethierryi Edwards 48 

obliqua (Say) 22, 49 

obliqua var. noevus Gillette - 49 

obliqua var. int. non 49 

querci (Fitch) 22, 48 

querci var. bifasciata (Gillette & Baker) 48 

rosae ( Linnaeus ) 48 

tenerrima (Herrich-Se'haeffer) 48 

X. 

Xestocephalus nigrifrons Osborn 15, 37 

pulicarius Van Duzee 37 

Xylechinus americanus n. sp 117, 118, 128, 129, 131, 133 

pilosus Ratz 118 

Xylocoris (Piezostethus) galactinus Fieb 14 

Xyloterinus politus 67 

Xystieus limbatus Keys 18 



